Resource Advantage Theory and Fair Trade Social Enterprises

This paper will investigate the competitive position of both fair trade (FT) social enterprises Divine Chocolate Ltd (Divine) and Cafédirect in their respective UK markets, namely chocolate confectionery and hot beverages. Using Eisenhardt’s (1989, 1991, and 2007) approach to building theory from multiple case studies, this four-year PhD study aims to identify the resources that enable FT social enterprises to compete. This research draws on recent developments in competition theory such as resource advantage theory (R-A theory), termed a general theory of competition. The paper will critically analyse if the social and ethical elements of these firm’s product offerings really constitute meaningful differentiators (i.e. comparative advantage) as required by R-A theory (Hunt and Morgan 1995, Hunt 2001). Hunt and Derozier (2004) argue that R-A theory can ground theories of business and marketing strategy and therefore identifying the competitive resources of FT social enterprises will have important strategic implications. The research findings show that both Divine and Cafédirect have established a mainstream competitive position in specific product segments and distribution channels. Thus illustrating intra-industry demand to be heterogeneous. In addition, both companies have been a catalyst for change by influencing the strategies and policies of both branded manufactures and retailers such as Cooperative Food (CF). The key theoretical contribution validates ‘social resources’ and its three inter-related components: ethical and social commitments, connections with partners and consistency of behaviour as a resource to extend R-A theory. These ‘social resources’ in combination with both relational resources and threshold capabilities (e.g. product quality) result in a competitive position for both case organisations. The ethical and social commitments of ‘social resources’ also appears to provide an example of an ethical underpinning to Relationship Marketing. The identification of ‘social resources’ has important wider implications for both other social enterprises and those companies who are aiming to achieve a competitive position based on social commitments

Cooperation in contests: a model of mixed organizational culture

We use a contest framework to investigate the nature of organizational culture. Organization members decide whether to participate in the contest and if they do participate they have two possible modi operandi: be helpful or not. We state sufficient conditions, in terms of contest design, for the existence of various types of organizational culture and we show the possibility (at equilibrium) of a mixed organizational culture, i.e. the coexistence of two subcultures: a helping one and an individualistic one. We find that cooperation emerges only when prize density is sufficiently high. However, in a mixed culture the degree of cooperation decreases in the number of prizes

Neutron star mass estimates from gamma-ray eclipses in spider millisecond pulsar binaries

International audienceReliable neutron star mass measurements are key to determining the equation-of-state of cold nuclear matter, but these are rare. "Black Widows" and "Redbacks" are compact binaries consisting of millisecond pulsars and semi-degenerate companion stars. Spectroscopy of the optically bright companions can determine their radial velocities, providing inclination-dependent pulsar mass estimates. While inclinations can be inferred from subtle features in optical light curves, such estimates may be systematically biased due to incomplete heating models and poorly-understood variability. Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we have searched for gamma-ray eclipses from 49 spider systems, discovering significant eclipses in 7 systems, including the prototypical black widow PSR B1957$+$20. Gamma-ray eclipses require direct occultation of the pulsar by the companion, and so the detection, or significant exclusion, of a gamma-ray eclipse strictly limits the binary inclination angle, providing new robust, model-independent pulsar mass constraints. For PSR B1957$+$20, the eclipse implies a much lighter pulsar ($M_{\rm psr} = 1.81 \pm 0.07\,M_{\odot}$) than inferred from optical light curve modelling

Neutron star mass estimates from gamma-ray eclipses in spider millisecond pulsar binaries

International audienceReliable neutron star mass measurements are key to determining the equation-of-state of cold nuclear matter, but these are rare. "Black Widows" and "Redbacks" are compact binaries consisting of millisecond pulsars and semi-degenerate companion stars. Spectroscopy of the optically bright companions can determine their radial velocities, providing inclination-dependent pulsar mass estimates. While inclinations can be inferred from subtle features in optical light curves, such estimates may be systematically biased due to incomplete heating models and poorly-understood variability. Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we have searched for gamma-ray eclipses from 49 spider systems, discovering significant eclipses in 7 systems, including the prototypical black widow PSR B1957$+$20. Gamma-ray eclipses require direct occultation of the pulsar by the companion, and so the detection, or significant exclusion, of a gamma-ray eclipse strictly limits the binary inclination angle, providing new robust, model-independent pulsar mass constraints. For PSR B1957$+$20, the eclipse implies a much lighter pulsar ($M_{\rm psr} = 1.81 \pm 0.07\,M_{\odot}$) than inferred from optical light curve modelling

Neutron star mass estimates from gamma-ray eclipses in spider millisecond pulsar binaries

International audienceReliable neutron star mass measurements are key to determining the equation-of-state of cold nuclear matter, but these are rare. "Black Widows" and "Redbacks" are compact binaries consisting of millisecond pulsars and semi-degenerate companion stars. Spectroscopy of the optically bright companions can determine their radial velocities, providing inclination-dependent pulsar mass estimates. While inclinations can be inferred from subtle features in optical light curves, such estimates may be systematically biased due to incomplete heating models and poorly-understood variability. Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we have searched for gamma-ray eclipses from 49 spider systems, discovering significant eclipses in 7 systems, including the prototypical black widow PSR B1957$+$20. Gamma-ray eclipses require direct occultation of the pulsar by the companion, and so the detection, or significant exclusion, of a gamma-ray eclipse strictly limits the binary inclination angle, providing new robust, model-independent pulsar mass constraints. For PSR B1957$+$20, the eclipse implies a much lighter pulsar ($M_{\rm psr} = 1.81 \pm 0.07\,M_{\odot}$) than inferred from optical light curve modelling