Simple and Effective Multi-Paragraph Reading Comprehension

We consider the problem of adapting neural paragraph-level question answering models to the case where entire documents are given as input. Our proposed solution trains models to produce well calibrated confidence scores for their results on individual paragraphs. We sample multiple paragraphs from the documents during training, and use a shared-normalization training objective that encourages the model to produce globally correct output. We combine this method with a state-of-the-art pipeline for training models on document QA data. Experiments demonstrate strong performance on several document QA datasets. Overall, we are able to achieve a score of 71.3 F1 on the web portion of TriviaQA, a large improvement from the 56.7 F1 of the previous best system.Comment: 11 pages, updated a referenc

Relation of breast feeding status with Rotavirus infection and related outcome.

<p>(A) Breast-feeding wise distribution of Rotavirus positivity among all patients. (B, D-E) Age stratified data among breastfed and non-breastfed infants for Rotavirus positivity (B), Rotavirus antigenemia (D), and Rotavirus RNAemia (E). (C) Percentage positivity for Rotavirus antigenemia and Rotavirus RNAemia among breastfed and non-breastfed infants of the study.</p

Percentage distribution of Rotavirus-positivity among hospitalalized infants <2 yrs age suffering from severe diarrhea in Patna.

<p>(A-B) Temporal distribution of Rotavirus positivity: data of 2 consecutive years (A) and age wise stratified data among all patients (B). (C) Breast-feeding wise distribution of Rotavirus positivity among all patients.</p

Correlation of Rotavirus antigenemia and RNAemia with stool viral load.

<p>(A-D) Correlation of stool viral load with Rotavirus antigenemia (A,B) and Rotavirus RNAemia (C,D) in acute-phase (A,C) and convalescent phase (B,D) serum of infants suffering from acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea. Paired acute-phase and convalescent phase sera were tested for (i) Rotavirus antigenemia levels, that is denoted by levels of Rotavirus antigen (optical density/O.D.) measured by RV-EIA at 450 nm X 1000 units and (ii) Rotavirus RNAemia levels, denoted by levels of Rotavirus RNA in form of VP7 gene in reverse-transcriptase PCR calculated by band scanning software, as mentioned in the text. Stool viral load is represented by C(t) values in real-time RT-PCR.</p

Rotavirus antigenemia levels among the study groups.

<p>(A-C) Data demonstrates level of Rotavirus antigenemia in acute-phase (A) and convalescent phase (B) sera in infants suffering from severe diarrhea in comparison with the healthy control group. Paired acute-phase and convalescent phase sera were tested for Rotavirus antigenemia levels, that is denoted by levels of Rotavirus antigen (optical density/O.D.) measured by RV-EIA at 450 nm X 1000 units, as mentioned in the text. Broken lines denote the cut-off value.</p

Experimental and Theoretical Study for the Assessment of the Conformational Stability of Polymethylene-Bridged Heteroaromatic Dimers: A Case of Unprecedented Folding

This is the first report on the folding phenomenon of pyridazinone and triazinone dimers (<b>1</b>–<b>5</b>) bridged through an alkyl chain. Among them, direct evidence of conformational preference of <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>5</b> was obtained through single crystal X-ray structures. However, prevalence of folded conformations was analyzed through theoretical investigation

Metal exposure alters the expression of heat shock response genes in <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i>.

<p>Synchronized young adult <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> were exposed for six hours to the metal cocktail (MC) or waters from Lake Hornträsket (H) and Vormbäcken stream at Björkås (B) and the exit to Vindelälven (V). qRT-PCR was performed for genes <i>hsp-16</i>.<i>1</i>, <i>hsp-16</i>.<i>2</i>, <i>hsp-16</i>.<i>48</i> and <i>hsp-70</i>. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-test was used for multiple group comparison where * refers to <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to control, and # represents significant differences between the environmental sites H, B and V. The dotted line represents the expression level normalized to that of the control (K-medium prepared with Milli-Q water).</p

Exposure of <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> to metals affects the expression of oxidative stress response genes.

<p>Synchronized <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> treated with the metal cocktail (MC) or waters from Lake Hornträsket (H) and Vormbäcken stream at Björkås (B) and the exit to Vindelälven (V) were analyzed for the expression of <i>gst-4</i>, <i>sod-1</i>, <i>cat-2</i>, <i>cyp-35A2</i>, <i>daf-2</i>, <i>nnt-1</i>, <i>kel-8</i> and <i>gcs-1</i> using qRT-PCR. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-test was used for multiple group comparison where * refers to <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to control and # represents significant differences in between sites H, B and V. The dotted line represents the expression level normalized to that of the control (K-medium prepared with Milli-Q water).</p

Effect of metals exposure on nuclear hormone receptors and developmental genes in <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i>.

<p><i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> treated with the metal cocktail (MC) or waters from Lake Hornträsket (H) and Vombäcken stream at Björnås (B) and the exit to Vindelälven (V) were analyzed for the expression of genes associated with hormone receptors (<i>fshr-1</i>, <i>nhr-8</i> and <i>nhr-14)</i> and development (<i>vit-2</i>, <i>daf-12</i>, and <i>apl-1)</i> were tested using qRT-PCR. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-test was used for multiple group comparison where * refers to <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to control whereas # represents significant differences in between the sites H, B and V. The dotted line represents the expression level normalized to that of the control (K-medium prepared with Milli-Q water).</p

Comparative Analysis of Stress Induced Gene Expression in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> following Exposure to Environmental and Lab Reconstituted Complex Metal Mixture

<div><p>Metals are essential for many physiological processes and are ubiquitously present in the environment. However, high metal concentrations can be harmful to organisms and lead to physiological stress and diseases. The accumulation of transition metals in the environment due to either natural processes or anthropogenic activities such as mining results in the contamination of water and soil environments. The present study used <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> to evaluate gene expression as an indicator of physiological response, following exposure to water collected from three different locations downstream of a Swedish mining site and a lab reconstituted metal mixture. Our results indicated that the reconstituted metal mixture exerted a direct stress response in <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> whereas the environmental waters elicited either a diminished or abrogated response. This suggests that it is not sufficient to use the biological effects observed from laboratory mixtures to extrapolate the effects observed in complex aquatic environments and apply this to risk assessment and intervention.</p></div