Marketing System and Market Structure for Secondhand Tractors in Punjab

The secondhand tractor markets in Punjab have assumed special significance. Around 20000 tractors are transacted annually in these markets, which are generally held on a fixed day of the week specific for each market. About 80 % of the secondhand tractors sold pass through the marketing channel: Farmer ! Agent / Sub-agent ! Farmer. The markets are unorganized and unregulated. The market place is also not proper, congested, costly, inconvenient with hardly any facility. Generally the large farmers sell their secondhand tractor to replace with a new one and the small farmers purchase the secondhand tractor. The price determination is fairly competitive. The distress sale has not been ruled out but has declined with escalation in land prices. The malpractices have been rare but as usual the farmer is the weaker party. The study has suggested that secondhand tractor markets in Punjab should be organized and regulated; the dealers should be registered and the market charges should be fixed. The market agency should maintain record of transactions in the marketMarketing,

Marketing System and Market Structure for Secondhand Tractors in Punjab

The secondhand tractor markets in Punjab have assumed special significance. Around 20000 tractors are transacted annually in these markets, which are generally held on a fixed day of the week specific for each market. About 80 % of the secondhand tractors sold pass through the marketing channel: Farmer ! Agent / Sub-agent ! Farmer. The markets are unorganized and unregulated. The market place is also not proper, congested, costly, inconvenient with hardly any facility. Generally the large farmers sell their secondhand tractor to replace with a new one and the small farmers purchase the secondhand tractor. The price determination is fairly competitive. The distress sale has not been ruled out but has declined with escalation in land prices. The malpractices have been rare but as usual the farmer is the weaker party. The study has suggested that secondhand tractor markets in Punjab should be organized and regulated; the dealers should be registered and the market charges should be fixed. The market agency should maintain record of transactions in the marke

Academic Institutions Risk Decisions using Six Thinking Hats Based Analysis

Today, almost everyone faces extraordinary health, social, and economic risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As for all industries, academic institutions face unprecedented challenges and are witnessing the change in short-and long-term risk profile due to COVID19, e.g., enhanced information and cybersecurity risk due to the adoption of new collaboration tools, deterioration in the effectiveness of traditional fraud risk mitigants as enrollment and document verifications over email, and increased risk of financial viability. In addition to having a robust risk management framework, it is critical for the institutions to carefully recognize and mitigate these emerging risks, which may have long-term implications on the institution's academic performance and perpetuity. Educational institutions, therefore, must adopt a broad spectrum of thinking methods that allow a practical framework for risk decisions and provide a strong foundation for academic institutions to function and enforce strategies both throughout and after the COVID-19 period. With the help of an example, this paper explores how "Six Thinking Hats" may serve as a decision aid and facilitate the risk decisions in an academic institution around risk appetite, risk identification, risk assessment, control design, and risk monitoring. The "Six Thinking Hats" or colors are all about gaining direction, i.e., what can happen (threat and opportunities; effect and probability) and not merely about explaining the event, what is or what has happened. Risk management being forward-looking, this is a significant risk decision consideration. The paper also analyzes the "Six Thinking Hats" method using the ABCD analysis framework as a research case study

Literature Survey and Research Agenda of Risk Determinants in Indian Equities and Machine Learning

Notwithstanding the financial slowdown and severity of the Coronavirus pandemic during 2020, several retail investors ventures directly to the secondary equities market, setting off gigantic purchasing. A review of SEBI data indicates that over 6 million new dematerialization accounts between April and September 2020 are about 125 percent growth on year on year basis. At the same time, data reported by AMFI shows net outflows from equity funds by retail investors. These data points indicate that retail investors may have opted to invest using direct stock investments instead of relying on the equity mutual fund manager. Equity Investment is a dynamic process requiring and require considering different variables in selecting and, more importantly, avoiding stocks. The cornerstone of wealth creation is to invest in stores at a price considerably smaller than their intrinsic value. The very foundation of creating long-term wealth using equities is deeply embedded. One is buying businesses at a price substantially below its intrinsic value (intrinsic value indicates the entity's future cash flows after estimating the number of accounting risk, macro-economic, managerial, and behavioral risk determinants). This Literature review, therefore, is organized to cover Behavioral, Accounting, Macro-economic, Volatility, and Management theories and Forecasting and ML techniques for clustering, predictions, and classification to support risk decisions using different models, e.g., ARIMA, LSTM, VAR, Facebook Prophet, ARCH and GARCH family models, etc. The literature review also establishes that the concept of risk is highly subjective and is perceived by different investors differently; it is not always entirely objective and outside the beliefs, cognitive and socio-cultural considerations requiring careful assessment before making investment decisions. However, examining the critical risk indicators would allow investors to make a more informed decision. The research gap and identified agenda for further review were defined and assessed using valuable ABCD and SWOT management frameworks. Consequently, the literature investigation findings are analyzed by offering recommendations for creating a comprehensive research agenda pertinent to long-term equity investors in the Indian Equity market