Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Siganus Lineatus around Kareko waters, Lembeh Strait

AbstractThis study aims to determine the relationship between length and weight and condition factors of Siganus lineatus around Kareko waters, Lembeh Strait. Sampling was carried out in March 2021 from fishermen's catch using net fishing gear. There were 31 individuals collected with a length range of 169.95-345.69 mm and a weight range of 94-939 grams. The relationship between length and weight of male (b= 0.3018), female (b= 0.3631) and total (b= 0.3287) showed a negative allometric growth pattern. Mean condition factors of the male, female and total were 0.106, 0.075, and 0.091, indicating that rabbitfish are in poor condition.Keywords: rabbitfish; allometric; fishermen.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan panjang berat dan faktor kondisi Siganus lineatus di perairan sekitar Kelurahan Kareko, Selat Lembeh. Pengambilan sampel sepanjang bulan Maret 2021 dari  hasil tangkapan nelayan yang menggunakan alat tangkap jaring. Jumlah ikan yang terkumpul sebanyak 31 individu dengan kisaran panjang 169,95-345,69 mm dan berat 94-939 gram. Hubungan panjang berat ikan beronang jantan (b= 0,3018), betina (b= 0,3631) dan total (b= 0,3287) menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Faktor kondisi rata-rata ikan beronang jantan, betina dan total yaitu 0,106, 0,075 dan 0,091, hal ini menunjukkan ikan beronang dalam kondisi kurang baik karena memiliki nilai kurang dari satu.Kata kunci : ikan beronang; alometrik; nelayan

Ayurveda and Epilepsy

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Types and Size Distribution of Parrotfish (Family Scaridae) Caught with Gillnets in the Waters off Taduna Village, Kabaruan Island.

The objective of this research is to identify the types and size distribution of parrotfish in the waters of Taduna Village. The research was conducted using sampling methods. Samples were collected over a period of two months from the catches landed in Taduna Village by local fishermen. The fishermen used gillnets for their catches. The length of each fish was measured from the tip of the mouth to the end of the tail using a millimeter-scale ruler with a precision of 0.1 cm. The weight of the fish was measured using a digital scale with a resolution of one gram. The length of each species was analyzed using frequency distribution and presented in length and weight histograms. Based on the data obtained from the measurements of Family Scaridae fish, a total of 53 individuals were collected, consisting of 8 species: Chorurus bleekeri (11 individuals), Calotomus carolinus (4 individuals), Chorurus japanensis (6 individuals), Chlorurus microrhinos (2 individuals), Scarus frenatus (16 individuals), Scarus russell (4 individuals), Scarus spinus (5 individuals), and Scarus tricolor (5 individuals). The distribution of Family Scaridae fish in the waters off Taduna Village shows varying lengths and weights for each species. For example, Chorurus bleekeri ranged from 18.9 to 26.5 cm in length and weighed between 150 and 394 grams, Chorurus japanensis had a length distribution between 17.5 and 27.4 cm and weighed from 119 to 465 grams, and Scarus frenatus ranged from 18.3 to 24.5 cm in length and weighed between 117 and 308 grams." Keywords: Parrotfish, Scaridae, Types, Size, Kabaruan. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui jenis dan distribusi ukuran ikan kakatua di perairan Desa Taduna. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dalam waktu dua bulan dari hasil tangkapan nelayan yang didaratkan di Desa Taduna. Alat yang digunakan nelayan adalah jaring insang mono filamen.  Seluruh panjang ikan diukur dari ujung mulut hingga ujung ekor dengan penggaris skala milimeter dengan ketelitian 0,1 cm. Berat ikan diukur dengan timbangan digital dengan resolusi satu gram. Panjang setiap spesies dianalisis menggunakan distribusi frekuensi dan ditampilkan dalam histogram panjang dan berat. Berdasarkan data hasil pengukuran ikan Famili Scaridae diperoleh sebanyak 53 individu yang terdiri dari 8 spesies yaitu Chorurus bleekeri (11 individu), Calotomus carolinus (4 individu), Chorurus japanensis (6 individu), Chlorurus microrhinos (2 individu), Scarus frenatus (16 individu), Scarus russellii (4 individu), Scarus spinus (5 individu) dan Scarus tricolor (5 individu). Distribusi ikan Famili Scaridae di perairan depan Desa Taduna memiliki ukuran panjang  dan berat yang bervariasi yaitu spesies Chorurus bleekeri berkisar 18,9-26,5 cm dan berat 150-394 gram, Chorurus japanensis memiliki distribusi ukuran panjang berkisar 17,5-27,4 cm dan berat 119-465 gram dan Scarus frenatus memiliki distribusi ukuran panjang berkisar 18,3-24,5 cm dan berat 117-308 gram. Kata kunci : Ikan kakatua, Scaridae, Jenis, Ukuran, Kabarua

Perfectly Secure Message Transmission Tolerating Mixed Adversary

In this paper, we study the issues related to the possibility, feasibility and optimality for perfectly secure message transmission (PSMT) in an undirected synchronous network, under the influence of a mixed adversary having unbounded computing power, who can corrupt some of the nodes in the network in Byzantine, fail-stop and passive fashion respectively. Specifically, we answer the following questions: (a) Possibility: Given a network and a mixed adversary, what are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of any PSMT protocol over the network tolerating the adversary? (b) Feasibility: Once the existence of a protocol is ensured, then does there exist a polynomial time and efficient protocol on the given network? (c) Optimality: Given a message of specific length, what is the minimum communication complexity (lower bound) needed by any PSMT protocol to transmit the message and how to design a polynomial time protocol whose total communication complexity matches the lower bound on the communication complexity? We answer the above questions by considering two different types of mixed adversary, namely static mixed adversary and mobile mixed adversary. Intuitively, it is more difficult to tolerate a mobile mixed adversary (who can corrupt different set of nodes during different stages of the protocol) in comparison to its static counter part (who corrupts the same set of nodes throughout the protocol). However, surprisingly, we show that the connectivity requirement in the network and lower bound on communication complexity of PSMT protocols is same against both static and mobile mixed adversary. To design our protocols against static and mobile mixed adversary, we use several new techniques, which are of independent interest

Performance Bottlenecks in Digital Movie Systems

Digital movie systems offer great perspectives for multimedia applications. But the large amounts of data involved and the demand for isochronous transmission and playback are also great challenges for the designers of a new generation of file systems, database systems, operating systems, window systems, video encoder/decoder and networks. Today's research prototypes of digital movie systems suffer from severe performance bottlenecks, resulting in small movie windows, low frame rates or bad image quality (or all of these!). We consider the performance problem to be the most important problem with digital movie systems, preventing their widespread use today. In this paper we address performance issues of digital movie systems from a practical perspective. We report on performance experience gained with the XMovie system and new algorithms and protocols to overcome some of these bottlenecks

An investigation of the mechanisms for strength gain or loss of geopolymer mortar after exposure to elevated temperature

When fly ash-based geopolymer mortars were exposed to a temperature of 800 °C, it was found that the strength after the exposure sometimes decreased, but at other times increased. This paper shows that ductility of the mortars has a major correlation to this strength gain/loss behaviour. Specimens prepared with two different fly ashes, with strengths ranging from 5 to 60 MPa, were investigated. Results indicate that the strength losses decrease with increasing ductility, with even strength gains at high levels of ductility. This correlation is attributed to the fact that mortars with high ductility have high capacity to accommodate thermal incompatibilities. It is believed that the two opposing processes occur in mortars: (1) further geopolymerisation and/or sintering at elevated temperatures leading to strength gain; (2) the damage to the mortar because of thermal incompatibility arising from non-uniform temperature distribution. The strength gain or loss occurs depending on the dominant process

Performance of geopolymer concrete under sulfate exposure

Synopsis: As a relatively 'new' material, geopolymer concrete offers the benefits as a construction material for sustainable development. It utilises waste materials such as fly ash and has a very low rate of green house gas emission. This paper presents the study of the performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete to sulfate attack. Test specimens were soaked in sodium sulfate solution and sulfuric acid solution for various periods of time, and the performance of geopolymer concrete is studied by evaluating the effect on the compressive strength, change in length and change in mass. Test results show that exposure to sodium sulfate has no significant effect on geopolymer concrete, whereas exposure to sulfuric acid affects the compressive strength. Keywords: fly ash, geopolymer concrete, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid INTRODUCTION The development of environmentally friendly concrete for sustainable development is crucial for continued use of this material. In this respect, geopolymer concrete is emerging as an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete as a construction material for sustainable development. Geopolymer concrete that utilises waste material containing silica (Si) and alumina (Al) such as fly ash is a good alternative because it has a very low rate of greenhouse gas emissions compared to OPC concrete. The term 'geopolymer' was first introduced by Davidovits (1987) to describe a family of mineral binders based on silicoaluminates. This inorganic polymer has a wide range of applications in civil engineering Several laboratory studies have been reported to identify the parameters that influence the properties of geopolymers. Davidovits Paper for Ed Nawy Symposium, American Concrete Institute, April 2005 In the previous studies, the authors [6] reported the results of the research into engineering properties of geopolymer concrete. The concrete mixtures were made using low-calcium class F fly ash, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) solutions as alkaline activators, and locally available aggregates. It was found that for curing temperatures up to 60 o C, there was a significant increase in compressive strength, while the increase in strength was not significant when the samples were cured above 60 o C. Also, curing for 24 hours increased the compressive strength substantially compared to a 4-hour curing. In addition, it was also shown that as the Na 2 SiO 3 -to-NaOH ratio increased the compressive strength increased significantly. Test results obtained from specimens cured at 60 o C for 24 hours revealed that the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete did not vary with the age of concrete because of the fast polymerisation process of the geopolymer gel EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Materials and Mixture Proportions Geopolymer concrete in this study utilised the low calcium (class F) fly ash from Collie Power Station, Western Australia as the source material. Paper for Ed Nawy Symposium, American Concrete Institute, April 2005 The mixture proportion of geopolymer concrete selected for this study was one of the mixtures used in authors' previous research Specimen Preparation The sodium hydroxide flakes were dissolved in distilled water to make a solution with a concentration of 8 M at least one day prior to use. The fly ash and the aggregates were first mixed together in a pan mixer for about 3 minutes. The sodium hydroxide and the sodium silicate solutions were mixed together with superplasticiser and then added to the dry materials and mixed for about 4 minutes. Immediately after mixing, the fresh concrete was cast into 100 x 200 mm cylindrical molds in three layers and 75x75x285 mm prismatic molds in two layers. Each layer was given 60 manual strokes using a rodding bar and vibrated on a vibrating table for 10 seconds. About 30 minutes after casting, the specimens were placed in the oven for curing at 60 o C for chosen periods. After curing, the specimens were left to air-dry in the laboratory. Test Variables and Test Procedures The specimens were soaked in sodium sulfate solution and sulfuric acid solution for intended periods of time and the changes in compressive strength, length and mass were measured. The concentration of the sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) in the solution was 5 percent by mass and that of the sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) was 2 percent by mass [11, Test variables selected for this study are grouped into two series. In the first series, the changes in compressive strength and length of the specimens soaked in sodium sulfate solution were observed. Specimens were cured in the oven at 60 o C for the periods of 24 hours and 48 hours. For the length change tests, three specimens were made for each variable and the changes in length were measured using a horizontal length comparator one hour after removing the specimens from the immersion tank. Four specimens were made for each variable for compressive strength tests. The tests were performed one week after Paper for Ed Nawy Symposium, American Concrete Institute, April 2005 removing the test specimens from sodium sulfate solution and tested in compression in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard for testing concrete. In the second series, the changes in compressive strength and mass of the specimens soaked in sodium sulfate solution and sulfuric acid solution were observed. After each exposure period, the specimens were tested immediately after removing them from the solution. For change of mass tests, four specimens were made for each test variable and the mass was measured using a laboratory scale. Four specimens were made for each variable for compressive strength tests and the tests were performed in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard for testing concrete. For comparison, an additional set of specimens were soaked in tap water. The test variables are summarized in TEST RESULTS Visual Appearance There was no significant change in the external appearance of the surface of specimens soaked in sodium sulfate up to 12 weeks. The same was true for the specimens soaked in tap water. However, the surfaces of specimens soaked in sulfuric acid solution started to erode even after one week of exposure. Compressive Strength Figures 2 and 3 show the variation in the compressive strength of specimens tested one week after removing the specimens from sodium sulfate solution after various weeks of exposure. For both curing periods (24 hours and 48 hours), the variation in compressive strength is not significant compared to the result obtained for the companion specimens left in the laboratory ambient conditions and tested one week after casting. Change in Length Change in Mass The average unit weight of concrete in ambient conditions was 2356 kg/m 3 . This value did not change for specimens soaked in sodium sulfate solution. In the case of specimens soaked in sulfuric acid, the mass decreased less than one percent after 12 weeks. CONCLUDING REMARKS The performance of geopolymer concrete under sulfate exposure has been studied by soaking the specimens in sodium sulfate solution and sulfuric acid solution. After 12 weeks of exposure, by observing the change in compressive strength, change in mass and change in length of the specimens, the results showed that in form of sodium sulfate, sulfate attack did not have significant effect on geopolymer concrete. On the other hand, the sulfate attack in the form of sulfuric acid damaged the surface of the specimens and reduced the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Tests are continuing for at least one year in order to substantiate the trends observed so far. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Introduction: reconsidering the region in India: mobilities, actors and development politics

In this introduction to a special issue on ‘Reconsidering the Region in India’, we aim to develop a synthetic and theoretically nuanced account of the multifarious ways in which the idea of region has been imbricated in diverse spatial, political, cultural and socio-economic configurations. We draw from various bodies of anthropological, geographic and historical literature to elaborate on three themes that we believe are central to understanding contemporary processes of region-making in India: trans-regional mobilities and connections; the actors who produce and perform regional imaginaries; and changing regional politics of development.IS

Double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing-based genotyping and its applications in sesame germplasm management

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oilseed crop belonging to the family Pedaliaceae and a globally cultivated crop for its use as oil and food. In this study, 2496 sesame accessions, being conserved at the National Genebank of ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), were genotyped using genomics-assisted double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) approach. A total of 64,910 filtered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were utilized to assess the genome-scale diversity. Applications of this genome-scale information (reduced representation using restriction enzymes) are demonstrated through the development of a molecular core collection (CC) representing maximal SNP diversity. This information is also applied in developing a mid-density panel (MDP) comprising 2515 hyper-variable SNPs, representing almost equally the genic and non-genic regions. The sesame CC comprising 384 accessions, a representative set of accessions with maximal diversity, was identified using multiple criteria such as k-mer (subsequence of length “k” in a sequence read) diversity, observed heterozygosity, CoreHunter3, GenoCore, and genetic differentiation. The coreset constituted around 15% of the total accessions studied, and this small subset had captured >60% SNP diversity of the entire population. In the coreset, the admixture analysis shows reduced genetic complexity, increased nucleotide diversity (π), and is geographically distributed without any repetitiveness in the CC germplasm. Within the CC, India-originated accessions exhibit higher diversity (as expected based on the center of diversity concept), than those accessions that were procured from various other countries. The identified CC set and the MDP will be a valuable resource for genomics-assisted accelerated sesame improvement program