Social Workers\u27 Perceptions of Family Preservation Programs

The passage of the Adoptions and Safe Families Act of 1997, with its focus on child safety and concurrent planning, has presented family preservation workers with new challenges and new opportunities. Twenty volunteers from a large comprehensive social service agency were interviewed to determine their experiences with two models of family preservation—Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Traditional Family Preservation Service (TFPS) or practice as usual. Workers from both programs were able to articulate values consistent with family preservation as important strengths of the programs— keeping families together and empowering families for example. Information from referring agencies was described as variable and not especially useful when working with seriously troubled families, especially as it related to risk and child safety. Both groups indicated that the jargon of family preservation had permeated their agencies, and that working with other agencies was at times a challenge, though for different reasons. Finally, despite some reservations about the effectiveness of short-term treatment with families that face serious challenges, both groups of workers were generally satisfied with family preservation as an approach to practice

Disruption of Cellular P-bodies During an Adenovirus Infection​

Adenovirus has made major contributions in medicine by serving as a model DNA virus to study other viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Adenoviruses are a diverse family of nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that are ubiquitous to animals and humans. There are over 67 serotypes of human adenoviruses that can cause a variety of illnesses including, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis and respiratory infections. Adenovirus can cause these infections by invading host cells and producing an environment that is favorable for viral replication. During the early phases of infection, adenovirus expresses various viral proteins such as E4 11k, which has multiple functions. One of these functions involves controlling host cell gene expression by preventing the expression of host proteins and enabling viral protein production. Recently, it was discovered that E4 11k also disrupts processing bodies (p-bodies) by relocalizing cellular proteins. It is hypothesized that disruption of p-bodies allows E4 11k to regulate gene expression. One protein found in p-bodies, Pat1b, is a scaffolding protein that participates in p-body assembly and gene expression. Its localization during an adenovirus infection is not well understood. In this study, we will observe the localization of Pat1b and other p-body proteins with E4 11k using immunofluorescence microscopy. We hypothesize that E4 11k will induce a different localization pattern for Pat1b during an adenovirus infection. Three variations of adenovirus will be utilized. If E4 11k is responsible for relocalization of Pat1b, it will only be observed with wild type virus and a virus that only expresses E4 11k. Different localization patterns are not expected with a virus that is deleted for E4 11k. Since cellular p-bodies are not well-understood, and other viruses have been shown to disrupt p-bodies, the effect of E4 11k on p-bodies could assist us in understanding the impact of p-bodies on healthy and virally-infected cells

The Role of Adenovirus Serotype 5 E4 11k in the Relocalization of the Cellular P Body Proteins

Human adenoviruses are a useful tool to understand basic cellular biology in addition to viral infections. Historically, cellular splicing was first discovered in adenovirus, but other cellular processes, such as double-strand break repair and aggresome formation, have been further elucidated through adenoviral infection. The adenovirus protein E4 11k has been shown to disrupt cytoplasmic processing bodies (p bodies), which are not well-understood but are involved in mRNA metabolism. Several p body proteins were found to be reorganized in the cytoplasm with adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) able to cause the colocalization of these p body proteins with aggresomes. The p body protein Lsm1 has been found to colocalize with E4 11k in aggresomes, but Edc3 and Pat1b are two p body proteins that have not been as well-studied in adenovirus-infected cells. Cells were treated with cadmium chloride or infected with wild-type and mutant viruses before staining them to visualize the p body proteins and a marker for viral infection by confocal microscopy. We were able to determine that the presence of E4 11k was not necessary for relocalization of either Lsm1 or Edc3 to aggresomes, while Pat1b did not localize to aggresomes under any conditions tested. We wanted to characterize Pat1b relocalization further so we counted the number of Pat1b foci in mock-infected cells and then the virally-infected cells, and were able to determine that Ad5 E4 11k is necessary and sufficient to induce an increase in cytoplasmic Pat1b foci. We also determined that this increase in Pat1b foci appears to be serotype-specific when compared to Ad9 and Ad12 E4 11k protein. The lack of apparent change with Pat1b localization with Ad9 E4 11k expression was a novel finding that suggests there may be something unique about Pat1b and p body localization

Eddy Heat Flux Across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Estimated from Sea Surface Height Standard Deviation

Eddy heat flux (EHF) is a predominant mechanism for heat transport across the zonally unbounded mean flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Observations of dynamically relevant, divergent, 4 year mean EHF in Drake Passage from the cDrake project, as well as previous studies of atmospheric and oceanic storm tracks, motivates the use of sea surface height (SSH) standard deviation, H*, as a proxy for depth‐integrated, downgradient, time‐mean EHF ( ) in the ACC. Statistics from the Southern Ocean State Estimate corroborate this choice and validate throughout the ACC the spatial agreement between H* and seen locally in Drake Passage. Eight regions of elevated are identified from nearly 23.5 years of satellite altimetry data. Elevated cross‐front exchange usually does not span the full latitudinal width of the ACC in each region, implying a hand‐off of heat between ACC fronts and frontal zones as they encounter the different hot spots along their circumpolar path. Integrated along circumpolar streamlines, defined by mean SSH contours, there is a convergence of in the ACC: 1.06 PW enters from the north and 0.02 PW exits to the south. Temporal trends in low‐frequency [EHF] are calculated in a running‐mean sense using H* from overlapping 4 year subsets of SSH. Significant increases in downgradient [EHF] magnitude have occurred since 1993 at Kerguelen Plateau, Southeast Indian Ridge, and the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence, whereas the other five hot spots have insignificant trends of varying sign

An Intercomparison of Four Models of Current Meter in High Current Conditions in Drake Passage

Seven current meters representing four models were placed for an 11 month deployment on a stiffly buoyed mooring to intercompare their velocity measurements: two VMCMs, two Aanderaa RCM11s, two Aanderaa SEAGUARDSs, and a Nortek Aquadopp. The current meters were placed 6 m apart from each other at about 4000 m depth in an area of Drake Passage expected to have strong near-bottom currents, that were nearly independent of depth. Two high-current events occurred in bursts of semi-diurnal pulses lasting several days, one with peak speeds up to 67 cm/s and the other above 35 cm/s. The current speed measurements all agreed within about 5% when vector-averaged over simultaneous time intervals: the full time interval (198 days) when all instruments were working, and the two high-speed events lasting 21 days and 7 days. The VMCMs, chosen as the reference measurements, were found to measure the median of the mean-current magnitudes. The RCM11 and SEAGUARD current speeds had a nearly 1:1 relationship with the median. They agreed within 2% at higher speeds (35-70 cm/s), whereas in lower speed ranges (0-35 cm/s) the vector-averaged speeds for the RCM11s and SEAGUARDS were, respectively, 4-5% lower and 3-5% higher than the median. The Aquadopp current speeds were about 7% higher than the VMCMs over the range (0-40 cm/s) encountered through their shorter common time period

Cascadia Pilot Experiment Data Report

This report documents the processing of data collected from an line of inverted echo sounders equipped with bottom pressure gauges and current meters (CPIES) deployed offshore of Oregon in the Cascadia subduction zone region from April to November 2017. The line consisted of four URI-model CPIES across the continental slope, spanning water depths from 2900 m to 1300 m. From offshore to onshore, the sites were designated O1, O1.5, O2 and O3. The instrument spacing telescoped toward the coast from 3.5 km to 7 km to 9 km. CTDs were taken at each site on the deployment and recovery cruises. Additionally, two Sonardyne-model PIES (lacking the integrated current meter) were colocated at the deepest and shallowest sites (O1 and O3) for comparison tests. An Aanderaa Seaguard current meter was moored in August 2017 at site O2 because the status of CPIES current meter at that location was uncertain

PIES and CPIES Data Processing Manual

The Inverted Echo Sounder (IES) is an ocean bottom-moored instrument that measures the vertical acoustic travel time (VATT) round-trip from the seafloor to the sea surface and back. The VATT varies principally due to changes in the temperature profile of the water column, making the IES well-suited for monitoring changes in temperature structure and dynamic height (baroclinic signal). Currently, the Model 6.2, a combined IES, data-logger, and acoustic release, with measurements of bottom pressure and temperature (PIES) and optional measurements of current speed and direction (CPIES, with attached Aanderaa Doppler current sensor) is produced at URI/GSO. Data are processed in situ and are available (optional) remotely by an acoustic telemetry link. In addition to the IES-measured baroclinic signals, barotropic near-bottom pressure variations may be measured with the optional pressure sensor. A report was written in 1991 describing IES data processing [Fields et al., 1991]. Since that report, significant improvements have been made to both IES hardware and software, warranting an update of the IES data processing. The report by Kennelly et al. [2007] documents the standard processing steps contained in IESpkg 3, which has been used since the early 2000s, for IES/PIES/CPIES Models 6.1 and 6.2 at URI/GSO. More recently, IESpkg 4 was developed to allow more flexibility in the processing steps and data outputs, and to process the Fast PIES versions that sample 96 travel times each hour. This report documents the processing steps in IESpkg 4 and it repeats as much of the original text of Kennelly et al. [2007] as is still applicable. A separate document, Inverted Echo Sounder User\u27s Manual, IES Model 6.2, describes the IES hardware and instrument configuratio

Estimates of Eddy Heat Flux Crossing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from Observations in Drake Passage

The 4-yr measurements by current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders in Drake Passage produced statistically stable eddy heat flux estimates. Horizontal currents in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) turn with depth when a depth-independent geostrophic current crosses the upper baroclinic zone. The dynamically important divergent component of eddy heat flux is calculated. Whereas full eddy heat fluxes differ greatly in magnitude and direction at neighboring locations within the local dynamics array (LDA), the divergent eddy heat fluxes are poleward almost everywhere. Case studies illustrate baroclinic instability events that cause meanders to grow rapidly. In the southern passage, where eddy variability is weak, heat fluxes are weak and not statistically significant. Vertical profiles of heat flux are surface intensified with ~50% above 1000 m and uniformly distributed with depth below. Summing poleward transient eddy heat transport across the LDA of −0.010 ± 0.005 PW with the stationary meander contribution of −0.004 ± 0.001 PW yields −0.013 ± 0.005 PW. A comparison metric, −0.4 PW, represents the total oceanic heat loss to the atmosphere south of 60°S. Summed along the circumpolar ACC path, if the LDA heat flux occurred at six “hot spots” spanning similar or longer path segments, this could account for 20%–70% of the metric, that is, up to −0.28 PW. The balance of ocean poleward heat transport along the remaining ACC path should come from weak eddy heat fluxes plus mean cross-front temperature transports. Alternatively, the metric −0.4 PW, having large uncertainty, may be high

A Multi-Index GEM Technique and Its Application to the Southwestern Japan/East Sea

This paper demonstrates a new gravest empirical mode (GEM) technique that constructs multi-index lookup tables of temperature (T) and specific volume anomalies (δ) using historical hydrocasts as a function of three indices: round-trip travel time (τ) from sea floor to the surface, sea surface temperature, and pressure. Moreover, the historical hydrocasts are separated into non-mixed-layer (NML) and mixed-layer (ML) groups, and a single GEM field is constructed for each group. This is called the MI-GEM technique. The appropriate dates for MI-GEM fields are determined by the monthly distribution of the number of NML and ML profiles in the historical hydrocasts, which are also well correlated with the strength of the winds during the 2 yr of observations. The T and δ profiles that are determined by this MI-GEM technique capture 92% and 88% of the T and δ variances in the depth range of 0–200 db. These values reduce by about one-third of the unexplained error variance of the residual GEM, which was recently developed and applied to the optimal interpolated τ data in the southwestern Japan/East Sea (JES) by Mitchell et al. Comparisons with the in situ CTD casts demonstrate that the MI-GEM technique almost always produces improved full water column profiles of T and δ. Whereas the residual GEM estimates had exhibited qualitatively erroneous features like T inversions in the near–surface layer and too thin or thick intermediate water layers in some regions, the MI-GEM estimates avoid those problems, which were inherent to the residual GEM technique in the southwestern JES

Mapping Circulation in the Kuroshio Extension with an Array of Current and Pressure Recording Inverted Echo Sounders

The Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) aimed to quantify processes governing the variability of and the interaction between the Kuroshio Extension and the recirculation gyre. To meet this goal, a suite of instrumentation, including 43 inverted echo sounders equipped with bottom pressure gauges and current meters [current and pressure recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES)], was deployed. The array was centered on the first quasi-stationary meander crest and trough east of Japan, which is also the region of highest eddy kinetic energy. KESS was the first experiment to deploy a large quantity of these new CPIES instruments, and it was unique in that the instruments were deployed in water depths (5300–6400 m) close to their limit of operation. A comprehensive narrative of the methodology to produce mesoscale-resolving four-dimensional circulation fields of temperature, specific volume anomaly, and velocity from the KESS CPIES array is provided. In addition, an improved technique for removing pressure drift is introduced. Methodology and error estimates were verified with several independent datasets. Temperature error was lowest on the equatorward side of the Kuroshio Extension core and decreased with depth (1.5°C at 300 m, 0.3°C at 600 m, and \u3c0.1°C below 1200 m). Velocity errors were highest in regions of strong eddy kinetic energy, within and south of the jet core. Near the surface, the error in geostrophic velocity between adjacent CPIES was typically 10 cm s−1, decreasing downward to 6 cm s−1 at 500-m depth and 5 cm s−1 below 800 m. The rms differences from pointwise current measurements are nearly twice as large as the geostrophic errors, because the pointwise velocities include submesoscale and ageostrophic contributions