106 research outputs found
Dos proporciones de heno a concentrado en raciones completamente mezcladas para vacas a diferentes etapas de lactación
Different proportions of forage to concentrate in total mixed rations (TMR), for cows in earlier and later lactation, were tested in a two-phase (I and II) experiment. During phase I (120 days), nine control cows rotationally grazed unfertilized, dry season, grass pastures and were group-fed supplemental concentrates (treatment A), while their pair mates in confinement received a TMR of 40% grass hay, 25% of which was finely ground (FG) and 15% coarsely chopped (CC), and 60% concentrates (treatment B). During phase II (37 days), the TJV1R was 50% hay (35% FG, 15% CC) and 50% concentrates; control (A) as previously. Mean results for A and B in I were: daily yield of milk, 16.1 vs. 17.8 kg, and of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), 11.4 vs. 14.9 kg; percentage concentration of milk fat (MF), 2.05 vs. 2.91 and protein, 3.13 vs. 3.19; daily liveweight (LW) gain, 0.20 vs. 0.03 kg. Treatments differed (P = 0.01) in FCM yield and MR Dry matter intake (DMI) in B was 18.2 kg/day and feed efficiency (FCM yield/DMI), 0.82; for A, DMI from concentrates was 7.3 kg/day and partial efficiency (FCM yield/concentrate DMI), 1.57. In II, A and B means were: milk yield, 13.7 vs. 15.5 kg/day; FCM yield, 11.7 vs. 13.6 kg/day; MF, 3.07 vs. 3.22; LW gain, 0.30 vs. 0.75 kg/day, without significant differences. Feed efficiency and partial efficiency were 0.77 (B) and 1.71 (A). These TMR resulted in satisfactory animal performance, but should be used with higher producing cows for better feed efficiency.Se compararon diferentes proporciones de forraje a concentrado en raciones completamente mezcladas (TMR), para vacas en etapa de lactación más temprana o más tardÃa en un experimento de dos fases (I y II). Durante I (120 dÃas), nueve vacas testigo apacentaron rotacionalmente en predios de gramÃneas no abonadas durante época de sequÃa y recibieron, en grupo, concentrados suplementarios (tratamiento A), mientras sus parejas en confinamiento recibieron una TMR compuesta de 40% de heno de gramÃneas, del cual 25% fue finamente molido (FG) y 15% picado groseramente (CC), y 60% de concentrados (tratamiento B). Durante II (37 dÃas), la TMR fue de 50% heno (35% FG y 15% CC) y 50% concentrados; el testigo (A) siguió como antes. Los resultados media para A y B en I fueron: producción diaria de leche, 16.1 vs. 17.8 kg y de leche corregida a 4% grasa (FCM), 11.4 vs, 14.9 kg; concentraciones porcentuales en la leche de grasa (MF), 2.05 vs. 2.91 y proteÃna, 3,13 vs. 3.19; ganancia diaria en peso vivo (LW), 0.20 vs. 0.03 kg. Los tratamientos se difirieron (P = 0.01) en FCM y MF. La ingestión de materia seca (DMI) en B fue 18.2 kg/dÃa y la eficiencia alimentaria (FCM/DMI), 0.82; para A la DMI procedente de concentrados fue 7.3 kg/dÃa y la eficiencia parcial (FMC/DMI de concentrados), 1.57. En II, las medias de A y B fueron: producción de leche, 13.7 vs. 15.5 kg/dÃa; de FCM, 11.7 vs. 13.6 kg/dÃa; MF, 3.07 vs. 3.22; ganancia en LW, 0.30 vs. 0.75 kg/dÃa, sin diferencias significativas. La eficiencia alimentaria y eficiencia parcial fueron 0.77 (B) y 1.71 (A). Estas TMR resultaron en buen desenvolvimiento animal durante dos etapas progresivas de lactación, pero deberÃan emplearse con vacas de mayor productividad para una mejor eficiencia alimentaria
Raciones completas con heno picado toscamente o molido para vacas lecheras estabuladas y pastadas convencionalmente
Treatments A and B, based on complete rations, and a conventional control (C) were compared in a completely randomized design including 8 preliminary days and 3 successive 28-day comparison periods with 17 cows (13 Holstein and 4 Brown Swiss). Both complete rations incorporated 60% basal concentrates, principally ground maize, soybean meal, wheat middlings and cane molasses, and 40% grass hay, but differed in the coarsely chopped hay in A and ground hay (9.5 mm screen) ¡n B. Formulation specified 13% crude protein and 1.58 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter (DM). Each was fed to two groups of three cows, ad libitum in period 1 and restricted in periods 2 and 3 in late afternoon. During the hottest hours these animals rested under shade, which reduced thermal stress. Five control cows grazed rotationally at 2.5 animals/ha in gramineous swards of good quality, with individual supplementation of basal concentrates according to milk yield. Late in period 1, DM intake (DMI) of A and B reached maxima of 22 and 23 kg per per. Mean results for A, B and C, respectively, during 84 days were: daily DMI, 16.2, 16,4 and 6.0 kg (excluding pasture herbage), and as a percentage liveweight (LW), 2.96, 2.98 and 1.09; LW, 548, 552 and 550 kg; daily milk yield, 17.7, 16.5 and 16.0 kg; 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), 15.0, 13.7 and 14.0 kg; milk fat percentage, 3.00, 2.87 and 3.19; FCM/concentrates DMI ratio, 1.55, 1.39 and 2.34. One cow of B died of acute bloat in period 2, possibly because of insufficiency of effective fiber in the rumen. Complete ration A appears promising as a possible alternative for intensified dairying in Puerto Rico.Se usaron 17 vacas (13 Holstein y 4 Pardas Suizas) en un experimento de diseño completamente aleatorio que incluyó 8 dÃas preliminares y 3 perÃodos de estudio de 28 dÃas para comparar tratamientos A y B, basados en raciones completas, y un C (testigo). Las dos raciones completas incluyeron 60% de concentrados básico (mayormente maÃz molido, harina de soya, salvado de trigo y melaza de caña) y 40% de heno de gramÃneas, pero difirieron en que la A contó con heno picado y la B heno molido (zaranda de 9.5 mm.). Teóricamente ambas raciones contenÃan 13% de proteÃna bruta y 1.58 Mcal de energÃa neta para lactación/kg. de materia seca. Cada ración se le suplió a los 2 grupos de 3 vacas, a libre albedrÃo en el perÃodo 1 y en cantidades restringidas en los perÃodos 2 y 3 para consumo vespertino. Se les permitió descansar a la sombra durante las horas más calurosas para menguar la tensión térmica. Cinco vacas testigo apacentaron rotacionalmente forraje de buena calidad a razón de 2.5 animales/ha. y recibieron suplementación individual con los concentrados básicos, según su nivel productivo. Hacia fines del perÃodo 1 la ingestión de materia seca (DMI) de A y B alcanzaron niveles máximos de 22 y 23 kg. diarios. Los resultados medios en A, B y C durante 84 dÃas fueron: DMI diario, 16.2, 16.4 y 6.0 (excluyendo el forraje pastado); DMI diario como porcentaje del peso vivo, 2.96, 2.98 y 1.09; peso vivo, 548, 552 y 550 kg.; producción diaria de leche, 17.7, 16.5 y 16.0 kg. y de leche corregida a 4% grasa (FCM), 15.0, 13.7 y 14.0 kg.; porcentaje de graso láctea, 3.00 2.87 y 3.19; razón FCM/DMI de concentrados 1.55, 1.39 y 2.34. Una vaca B murió de timpanismo agudo en el perÃodo 2, posiblemente por falta de suficiente fibra efectiva en el rumen. La ración completa A muestra ser una posible alternativa para la granaderÃa lechera intensiva en Puerto Rico
FODDER YEAST GROWN ON RUM DISTILLERY STILLAGE AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYER HENS
FODDER YEAST GROWN ON RUM DISTILLERY STILLAGE AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYER HEN
Heno molido de gramÃnea johnson y adición de heno largo en raciones completamente mezcladas para vacas lecheras
Two total mixed rations (TMR) were compared; both contained 20% ground hay, of either Johnson grass (J) or pajon and star grass (PS); both included 20% coarsely chopped PS hay and 60% concentrates; and both were analyzed to be about 13% crude protein. Treatments I and II consisted of TMR-J without and with addition of 1.5 kg per head daily of long PS hay; III and IV, of TMR-PS without and with said addition, respectively ( 2 x 2 factorial). Feed was offered between evening and morning milkings only. Ten adult Holstein cows grouped 2 x 2 and 2 x 3 were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment with 2-wk comparison periods. No significant interactions of treatment factors were found. Comparing the effects of TMR-J vs. TMR-PS and no long hay vs. long hay addition, means were: daily dry matter intake (DMI), 19.89 vs. 19.65 and 19.17 vs. 19.77 kg; daily milk production, 18.46 vs. 18.89 and 18.48 vs. 18.87 kg; milk fat percentage, 2.64 vs. 2.71 and 2.60 vs. 2.76; feed efficiency (4% fat-corrected milk/DMI), 0.736 vs. 0.777 and 0.741 vs. 0.772, respectively. Thus, long hay addition increased milk fat content by 0.16%, and TMR-PS exceeded TMR-J in efficiency by 0.041 (P<0.05). General mean rectal temperature (RT), shortly past noon, was 39.8° ± 0.3°C (standard deviation, SD); liveweight (LW) mean, 590 ± 43 kg (SD). Milk yield and RT were unrelated. In conclusion, J hay gave satisfactory results in the TMR; long hay addition improved milk fat content; and limiting feeding to the cooler hours helped mitigate animal hyperthermia.Se compararon dos raciones completamente mezcladas (TMR), que incluyeron 20% de heno molido, ya sea de gramÃnea Johnson (J) o de pajón y estrella (PS); ambas raciones incluyeron 20% de heno PS picado grueso y 60% de concentrados, con un contenido aproximado de 13% de proteÃna bruta. Los tratamientos I y II consistieron de TMR-J sin y con la adición de 1.5 kg por cabeza de heno PS largo; III y IV consistieron de TMR-PS sin y con dicha adición, respectivamente ( 2 x 2 factorial). Se ofreció el alimento solamente durante el intervalo entre el ordeño vespertino y el matutino. Participaron 10 vacas Holstein adultas, confinadas en dos grupos de tres vacas y dos grupos de dos vacas, en un experimento de diseño cuadrado latino 4 x 4, con perÃodos comparativos de dos semanas. No se detectó ninguna interacción significativa entre factores de tratamientos. Las medias comparativas de los efectos de TMR-J contra TMR-PS, y la no adición contra la adición de heno largo fueron: ingestión diaria de materia seca (DMI), 19.89 vs. 19.65 y 19.76 vs. 19.77 kg; producción diaria de leche, 18.46 vs. 18.89 y 18.48 vs. 18.87 kg; porcentaje de grasa láctea, 2.64 vs. 2.71 y 2.60 vs. 2.76; eficiencia alimentarÃa (leche corregida a 4% grasa/DMI), 0.736 vs. 0.777 y 0.741 vs. 0.772, respectivamente. La adición de heno largo aumentó el contenido de grasa por 0.16%, mientras TMR-PS superó a TMR-J en eficiencia por 0.041 (P < 0.05). La media general de temperatura rectal (RT), poco después de mediodÃa, fue 39.8 ± 0.3°C (desviación estándard, DE) y la de peso vivo, 590 ± 43 kg (DE). No hubo relación entre la producción de leche y la RT. Se concluye que el heno de gramÃnea johnson resultó satisfactorio en las TMR, que la adición de heno largo incentivó el porcentaje de grasa láctea y que la alimentación limitada a las horas de ambiente fresco ayudó a mitigar la hipertermia animal
EVALUATION OF DRIED LIQUID STREPTOMYCES SOLUBLES AS A RUMINANT FEED
EVALUATION OF DRIED LIQUID STREPTOMYCES SOLUBLES AS A RUMINANT FEE
Effect of the physical form of the tropical legumes Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze, Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn., and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) on selective consumption by lambs
Effect of the physical form of the tropical legumes Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze, Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn., and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) on selective consumption by lamb
THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILERS
THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILER
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL RUMINANT MEAT OFFERING IN PUERTO RICO
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL RUMINANT MEAT OFFERING IN PUERTO RIC
Suplementación con Calliandra calothyrsus y su efecto en ganancia de peso y eficacia en el control de nematodos gastrointestinales en cabritos recién destetados.
Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) is a shrub legume with high concentration of crude protein (CP), ±22%, and condensed tannin (CT), 19 to 30%. These characteristics make it an alternative for supplementing low-quality grass diets and for reducing levels of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infestation. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding Calliandra on live weight (LW) gain and its efficacy against GIN in weanling goats. Eight Boer goats (11.3 kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: supplementation with guineagrass hay (GH), or with freshly cut Calliandra (FC) leaves and fine stems. Fortnightly the animals were weighed, feces samples were collected to determine fecal egg counts (FEC), and FAMACHA© index scores were assigned. Blood samples were taken every 21 days to determine packed cell volume (PCV). Data were analyzed by using repeated measure analysis. Supplementation with FC had no significant effect on total live weight gain during 105 days (2.16 vs. 1.59 kg), FAMACHA© index (3.4 common value), nor PCV (25.8% vs. 26.6%) for FC and GH, respectively. However, FEC was significantly lower (p = 0.0014) in the group supplemented with Calliandra than in the group given GH; the respective adjusted means were 638 and 982 eggs per gram.The decrease in fecal excretion of GIN eggs could have the beneficial effect of reducing pasture contamination.Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) es una leguminosa arbustiva con altos niveles de proteÃna bruta (PB), ±22%, y taninos condensados (TC), 19 a 30%. Estas caracterÃsticas la convierten en una alternativa para la suplementación de dietas basadas en forrajes gramináceos de baja calidad y para contribuir a la reducción en la incidencia de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI). El objetivo del experimento fue determinar el efecto de la suplementación con Calliandra sobre el desempeño productivo y la incidencia de NGI en cabros destetados. Ocho cabros de la raza Boer (11.3 kg) se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de dos tratamientos: suplementación con heno de hierba guinea (HG) y suplementación con hojas y tallos finos de Calliandra fresca (CF). Cada dos semanas se pesaron los animales, se tomaron muestras de las heces fecales para el recuento de huevos de NGI y se registró el Ãndice FAMACHA©. Se tomaron muestras de sangre cada 21 dÃas para determinar el nivel de hematocrito. Los datos se analizaron usando un diseño de medidas repetidas. La suplementación con CF no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la ganancia total en peso vivo durante 105 dÃas (2.16 vs. 1.59 kg), el Ãndice FAMACHA© (3.4 en común), ni el hematocrito (25.8% vs. 26.6%) para CF y HG, respectivamente. Sin embargo, el recuento fecal de huevos de NGI fue significativamente menor (p = 0.0014) en el grupo suplementado con CF que en el que recibió HG, siendo las medias ajustadas 638 y 982 huevos por gramo. La reducción en la excreción fecal de nuevos de NGI puede tener un efecto benéfico en la disminución de la contaminación de las pasturas
NR 20. Supplementation of grass silage to lactating Holstein cows grazing a tropical grass
Our objectives were to investigate the effect of silage supplementation under confinement, shade and increasing concentrate feedings on milk production and milk composition. Eight groups of six lactating Holstein cows blocked according to stage of lactation (early and mid) at the beginning of the experiment, were assigned to treatments according to a 4 x 4 Latin Square Design. Experimental treatments were as follows: 1) no silage; concentrate fed 2x/day 2) no silage; concentrate fed 3 x 3) silage fed under cover; concentrate fed 3x/day 4) silage fed in the open; concentrate fed 3x/day. Each of the four experimental periods consisted of 21 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection. All cows remained on concrete during the day and grazed at the rate of 4.5 cows/ha during the hours 16:30 and 03:30. Feeding concentrate 3x/day resulted in a moderate increase (P>.02) in milk production over feeding 2x a day. The supplementation with silage resulted in a 3 % reduction (P>.01) in yield compared with no silage supplementation. These yield differences were higher for early lactation higher producing cows (interaction square x treatment (P = .03). In spite of the increase in milk yield, increasing the number of concentrate meals to 3x/d resulted in a reduction (P>.03) in milk fat percent. The reverse was true for milk protein; feeding 3x/d resulted in an increase (P>.03) in milk protein percent. Silage supplementation resulted in lower milk protein percent when compared with no silage supplementation. Based on the results of this trial it can be said that supplementation of forage under partial confinement should only be considered when feeding forage of higher quality than pasture or when the farmer has insufficient pasture such as in a drought or when stocking rates are excessively high. Reducing meal size and increasing feeding frequency appears a good strategy to increase milk production
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