Reporting of conflicts of interest in guidelines of preventive and therapeutic interventions

BACKGROUND: Guidelines published in major medical journals are very influential in determining clinical practice. It would be essential to evaluate whether conflicts of interests are disclosed in these publications. We evaluated the reporting of conflicts of interest and the factors that may affect such disclosure in a sample of 191 guidelines on therapeutic and/or preventive measures published in 6 major clinical journals (Annals of Internal Medicine, BMJ, JAMA, Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Pediatrics) in 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994 and 1999. RESULTS: Only 7 guidelines (3.7%) mentioned conflicts of interest and all were published in 1999 (17.5% (7/40) of guidelines published in 1999 alone). Reporting of conflicts of interest differed significantly by journal (p=0.026), availability of disclosure policy by the journal (p=0.043), source of funding (p < 0.001) and number of authors (p=0.004). In the entire database of 191 guidelines, a mere 18 authors disclosed a total of 24 potential conflicts of interest and most pertained to minor issues. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some recent improvement, reporting of conflicts of interest in clinical guidelines published in influential journals is largely neglected

The Microsoft WayThe real Story of How Bill Gates Outsmarts The Competition

xxxii + 448 hlm.; 14 x 21 c

The stubborn earth: American agriculturalists on Chinese soil, 1898-1937

This is a study of the first major American effort to aid a developing country - China - in the early twentieth century. Anyone interested in U.S.-China relations and in the American presence abroad will find it provocative and frequently moving

The Microsoft Way

Raksasa multimedia, bernilai $75 miliar berperingkat "kelas dunia", merupakan sasaran empuk untuk berbagai dugaan kejahatan, mulain dari penipuan legal sampai pemasaran yang "kejam"? Atau, tidak lebih dari sekedar organisasi yang murah hati, penolong yang mengantarkan dunia pada revolusi teknologi informasi seraya mendapatkan uang disepanjang prosesnya? Apa sebenarnya jalan Microsoft itu? Dengan menggunakan arsip perusahaan dan wawancara dengan para pemimpinnya- termasuk Bill Gates sendiri-sejarawan bisnis Randall Tross menceritakan bagaimana Microsoft berkembang dan untuk pertama kalinya menempatkan nkisah ini dalam konteks sejaran Amerika sejak zaman Henry Ford dan Thomas Edison. menelaah praktik bisnis perusahaan, peranan dalam memenangkan penggunaan CD-ROM dan arah kedepannya. The Microsoft Way memancarkan cahaya memikat pada perusahaan hebat ini, menemukan akar kesuksesan bukan pada teknik-teknik pemasaran yang buas, melainkan dengan tetap tertarik pada pekerjaan cerdas, ide-ide cemerlang, dan pasar-pasar responsive

The Microsoft way

Bibliografi hal. 371-448xxxii, 370 hal. ; 21 cm