Livestock and landscape: exploring animal exploitation in later prehistory in the South West of Britain.

The animal remains from British later prehistory have frequently been treated as generally only able to inform us about economy, and occasionally about symbolic behaviour. On the other hand, the use and division of landscape has been largely discussed in terms of social organisation. There has been a failure to appreciate that there is a reflexive relationship between pastoral farming and the utilisation and inhabiting of landscapes. The nature and needs of livestock and detailed consideration of husbandry methods have informed identification of the types of archaeological data we can use to discuss husbandry practices. This thesis integrates faunal, field and environmental data to achieve a holistic understanding. Husbandry practices and animal consumption and deposition identified from analysis of over 130,000 fragments of animal bone from Cadbury Castle, Somerset, and sites in its environs, have been considered in the light of successive arrangements of fields in the area. The relationship between changes in landscape organisation and in animal exploitation has been established and can also be detected across the south west. The fields of the earlier Bronze Age apparently relate to continuation of extensive husbandry regimes, whilst fixing the activity within the landscape. Small scale arable farming was integrated during the Middle Bronze Age. Subsequently there was a return to extensive grazing and mobility. An approach dominated by sheep farming began in the Early Iron Age. This gained ascendency in the Middle Iron Age, with new, small, fields that are indicative of a highly integrated arable and pastoral system and which were both intensive, localised, and reflect the technical, social and ideological complexity surrounding animals. This thesis has found that the form of landscape division and organisation was intimately bound up with the practicalities of livestock management. It has identified a variety of features and arrangements that can assist in understanding livestock management elsewhere in Britain and beyond. At different times and places this involved different social and technological choice, but was founded in the needs of managed animals. This study has shown the benefits of integrating archaeological, faunal and landscape data, together with a strong understanding of the practicalities of animal husbandry. This approach not only enables better understanding of arable and pastoral systems, it allows us to better recognise and understand the social and ideological choices expressed in the farming landscape

Advancing Counselor Education: Fostering International Perspectives and Open Access Scholarship

Professional counselors and counselor educators have been active in the global mental health movement. This article overviews the history and growth of counselor education internationally and provides a rationale for establishing an open access, peer-reviewed, online journal that fosters international counselor education and supervision

Health Risks From Mercury-Contaminated Fish: A Reassessment

Several Congressional bills and a pending EPA regulation would significantly cut mercury emissions from power plants, so as to reduce mercury-related neurological effects among children. There is, however, no estimate of the number of cases of neurological deficiencies that might be avoided by such emissions cuts. To inform policymakers, we develop estimates of the annual number of cases of neurodevelopmental effects among children in the United States, based on existing estimates of the exposure and dose-response relationships for prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Using data on emissions and deposition, we show that eliminating mercury emissions from U.S. power plants would prevent on the order of 10,000 cases of subtle neurological deficiencies per year. For a related paper, see Regulating Mercury Emissions: What Do We Know About Costs and Benefits?Environment, Health and Safety, Regulatory Reform

Litigating Lead-Based Paint Hazards: Is It a Solution?

None.Environment, Health and Safety, Regulatory Reform

Interstate banking and competition: evidence from the behavior of stock returns

Interstate banking ; Stock - Prices ; Banking market ; Bank holding companies

International Threats and United States Congressional Behavior From 1981 –2013

This paper explores the relationship between a foreign threat and the behavior of members of Congress. Understanding how members of Congress respond to potentially threatening international situations can provide important insight into foreign policy and future responses to new threats. I use information about how legislators vote, their ideology and party, and the topic of legislation to measure how liberal or conservative members of Congress are on foreign policy legislation. This allows me to analyze both how members of Congress behave inside their parties and how they interact with the other party, or in other words, intraparty cohesion and interparty polarization. I find that the parties moderate their positions on foreign policy (relative to all other issues) when a foreign threat is present and the majority in Congress will approach foreign policy from a more moderate angle than the minority party at times of foreign threat; these effects, however, are substantively modest. I also find that party members agree amongst themselves less on foreign policy than on other issues. My results indicate that internal party behavior and interactions between parties are not strongly affected by the presence of a foreign threat

Regulating Mercury Emissions: What Do We Know About Costs and Benefits?

United States policymakers are concerned with mercury emissions because mercury has potentially adverse effects on children whose mothers consumed contaminated fish while pregnant. Congress and the Environmental Protection Agency are considering different proposals to cut or even eliminate mercury emissions from oil and coal-fired power plants. We compare the cost of cutting power plants' mercury emissions with the likely reductions in the number of cases of subtle neurological effects. Given current scientific understanding, the health and environmental improvements are very unlikely to provide an economic justification for the costs of stringent controls on mercury emissions. In addition, if Congress or EPA were to regulate mercury emissions from power plants, an approach that used prices would be more efficient than one that limited the quantity of mercury emissions. For a related paper, see Health Risks From Mercury-Contaminated Fish: A Reassessment.

Parental childhood sexual abuse : trauma-specific effects on therapists

The purpose of this study was to explore how working with clients who have experienced the specific trauma of parental childhood sexual abuse impacts the therapist. Most of the literature on vicarious traumatization dose not differentiate between trauma-specific affects of working with particular populations of trauma survivors. The sample for this qualitative study was comprised of twelve licensed clinicians who had worked with a minimum of five survivors of parental childhood sexual. The major findings of the study were that there are trauma-specific risks for vicarious traumatization when working with survivors of parental childhood sexual abuse because of the degree of intensity of rapidly shifting emotions that are evoked when doing this work; and not the breath of emotions, except for the trauma-specific emotions connected to parental betrayal. These participants punctuated the need for consultation, supervision, and a range self care options as requisite supports to do the work. Recommendations include the need to benchmark minimum standards of support and self care for people doing this work that can be standardized throughout the industry. Participants remained positively connected and committed to the work despite the challenges, because of a sense of fulfillment from feeling that they are doing important and necessary work, and an affectionate attachment to their clients

Alliances and American National Security

One of the greatest challenges facing the United States today is the translation of its overwhelming might into effective influence. Traditionally, the United States has leveraged its power through bilateral and multilateral alliances. However, the end of the Cold War and the events of September 11, 2001, have led some policymakers and analysts to question the value of alliances in American foreign and defense policy. This monograph advocates that allies are more important than ever to the achievement of U.S. national security goals.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1366/thumbnail.jp