Acid Promoted One-Pot Processes: Efficient Synthesis of Indanones, Indenones, Spiro Tetracyclic Indanones, Indenes and Indanes

One-pot synthetic processes are considered as convenient methods to synthesize organic molecules with high degree of complexity, without isolating intermediates. These processes proved to have several advantages over step-wise operations, as it avoids the isolation of intermediate species, thereby considerably reducing the waste generation, increasing efficiency, minimizing the use of solvents, reagents, time and energy. Moreover, it was also found that in most cases the overall yields in one-pot processes are usually higher than those obtained from the corresponding step-wise operations. Herein, we have developed efficient one-pot synthetic strategies for the synthesis of 1-indanones, indenones, novel spiro-tetracyclic indanones, indenes and indanes

東アジア共通農業政策の提案 : 自給率・関税率・財政負担・環境負荷

An efficient Pd-catalyzed domino reaction of α,α-dialkyl-(2- bromoaryl)methanols to 6,6-dialkyl-6H-benzo[c]chromenes is presented. Their formation can be explained via a five membered Pd(II)-cycle that efficiently involves a domino homocoupling with the second molecule, β-carbon cleavage, and finally intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig cyclization. This domino process effectively involves breaking of five σ-bonds (2C-Br, 2O-H, and a C-C) and formation of two new σ-bonds (C-C and C-O). This mechanistic pathway is unprecedented and further illustrates the power of transition metal catalysi

Palladium-mediated highly regio- and stereoselective intermolecular β-arylation on allylic alcohols: Synthesis of functionalized allylic alcohols

An efficient and highly regio- and stereoselctive Pd-catalyzed β-arylation method for the formation of β-aryl allylic alcohols, employing aryl iodides, 1-bromo-2-iodobenzenes, and 2-bromobezaldehydes as coupling partners, is presented. The β-aryl allylic alcohols formed in this Pd-catalyzed transformation is unexpected under conventional Jeffery conditions without the assistance of silver salt. It is proposed that the reaction is substrate controlled, and the selective formation of the product depends on the size or nature of the substituent at the ortho position on the aromatic ring of the allylic alcohol par

An efficient intermolecular [Pd]-catalyzed C–C and intramolecular [Cu]-catalyzed C–O bonds formation: synthesis of functionalized flavans and benzoxepine

An efficient three-step strategy for the synthesis of functionalized flavans, starting from readily available 2-bromoiodobenzenes and aryl vinyl alcohols, is presented and successfully extended to benzoxepine. An intermolecular [Pd]-catalyzed C–C and an intramolecular [Cu]-catalyzed C–O bond formations have been employed as key transformations of the strategy

Histopathology of the gill of Lutjanus russelli infected with Learnanthropus species (Copepoda: Anthosomatidae)

Abstract Histopathologic changes caused by copepods in the gills of Lutjanus russelli were studied. For histological sections, samples were stained by haematoxylin, eosin and mounted permanently in Canada balsam. Microphotographs of selected portions were prepared in support of the damage caused by the parasites. The histopathologic changes caused by the Learnanthropus species (Copepoda: Anthosomatidae) include several destruction and necrotic changes in gill filaments and secondary lamellae were recorded and the results were analysed

The usefulness of case reports in managing emerging infectious disease

Emerging infectious diseases are an important problem in medicine. Case reports usually document episodes in the early emerging phase or in a small outbreak. Although the case report is considered weak evidence in medical literature, it is usually the first report when there is a new emerging infectious disease. There is no doubt that case reports can provide useful information for further case series, reviews and studies. This editorial focuses on the usefulness of the case report on emerging infectious disease to the medical society. Publication in this area is highly welcomed by the journal and can serve as a future point of reference

Abrasive water jet drilling of advanced sustainable bio-fibre-reinforced polymer/hybrid composites : a comprehensive analysis of machining-induced damage responses

This paper aims at investigating the effects of variable traverse speeds on machining-induced damage of fibre-reinforced composites, using the abrasive water jet (AWJ) drilling. Three different types of epoxy-based composites laminates fabricated by vacuum bagging technique containing unidirectional (UD) flax, hybrid carbon-flax and carbon fibre-reinforced composite were used. The drilling parameters used were traverse speeds of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, constant water jet pressure of 300 MPa and a hole diameter of 10 mm. The results obtained depict that the traverse speed had a significant effect with respect to both surface roughness and delamination drilling-induced damage responses. Evidently, an increase in water jet traverse speed caused an increase in both damage responses of the three samples. Significantly, the CFRP composite sample recorded the lowest surface roughness damage response, followed by C-FFRP, while FFRP exhibited the highest. However, samples of FFRP and hybrid C-FFRP recorded lowest and highest delamination damage responses, respectively. The discrepancy in both damage responses, as further validated with micrographs of colour video microscopy (CVM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray μCT), is attributed to the different mechanical properties of the reinforced fibres, fibre orientation/ply stacking and hybridisation of the samples.Peer reviewe

Variation for qualitative and quantitative traits and identification of trait-specific sources in new sorghum germplasm

Assembling, collecting and characterising the unique germplasm accessions for morphological and agronomic characteristics are essential activities of a dynamic genebank. The phenotypic diversity and agronomic performance of 667 newly acquired sorghum germplasm accessions, representing five basic races, eight intermediate races and two wild species, originating from 34 countries were assessed for seven qualitative and eight quantitative traits. Large variability was observed among these accessions for various qualitative and quantitative traits. Trait-specific accessions for early flowering (108), short plant height (8), medium panicle exsertion (34), and medium-sized seeds (78) have been identified. The diverse traitspecific promising accessions have the potential for their utilisation in future breeding programs for developing improved sorghum cultivars with a broad genetic base. The hierarchical cluster analysis grouped five races, six intermediate races, and two wild species into three clusters. The present study has played a significant role in filling up the gaps and has also identified region(s) to carry out future explorations, and in providing the trait-specific germplasm for use by the breeders