Trends of open innovation in developing nations : contexts of SMEs

Evidently, innovation is a genuine reality within the entrepreneurships, given the circumstances of economic crisis, global competition, and novelties of technologies. Perplexing further to face the reality and overcome crises, enterprises are day by day adopting newly developed ideas, concepts, and perceptions to fit into the scenery of business dimension from within and outside the boundaries of their entities, thus channeling the entrepreneurships through the paradigm of open innovation. By far, the majority of the corporate businesses and multi-national enterprises are competing or collaborating with a consensus to promote value-added products, processes, or services. Notwithstanding, they are transforming the entire entrepreneurship infrastructure to face the reality and move ahead. A major portion of the business community, despite their justified contribution to economic growth and generation of employment, the sector belonging to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs), however, are not always in advantageous situations in the arena of open innovation due to many factors, seen, unseen, attended, un-attended, researched, and deserving of further research. To move further into the context of this research, it has been observed that countries ranking as developed economies are ahead in the race, adopting open innovation in their business development, while countries within the developing and transitional economies are struggling to fit into the race of the champions. This study, though not a specific case of one country, has tried to illustrate a few discrete scenarios from five developing countries through horizontal literature review. The chapter has tried to profile within the format of the casebook, providing generic context of innovation (and open innovation) in those randomly selected countries, presented challenges they are facing, including some recommendations, before concluding for further extensive research.(undefined

Challenges in adopting open innovation strategies in SMEs : an exploratory study in Portugal

Researches indicate that adoption of open innovation strategies in the entrepreneurships offers a promising way to face the ever increasing challenges due to globalization of entrepreneurships. However, in spite of abundance of researches, practices and case studies on adoption of open innovation strategies in relatively larger firms or corporate houses, studies are rare in the other sector of the entrepreneurships, which is popularly known as the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). This study has tried to find out the parameters of challenges that are being faced by the SMEs. A questionnaire has been placed on the Surveymonkey and a few selected companies were approached to participate in the web based survey. Due to the limitation of finding a larger contact list, this paper discusses about the findings of the completed survey, which is being termed as the pilot one. The findings are being discussed within the texts and it is expected that a new survey will start soon with a list containing larger number of companies

Open Innovation in entrepreneurships: agents of transformation towards the knowledge-based economy

Innovation and globalization are the two essential components of economic achievement. The Internet is the catalyst and its emerging forms are assisting in this aspect. But, due to the global economic crisis, nations and enterprises are facing challenges. Those challenges include social, cultural, economical and political contexts. To overcome, all entities jointly and, or individually are trying through various policies, strategies and activities. Furthermore, the transformation of technologies has also transformed those strategies and approaches through the years. The main focus of this paper emphasizes on agents of transformation in OECD region to find open innova-tion in entrepreneurships leading to establishment of a knowledge based economy. This paper has found a few of the strategies that are acting as the agents of these transformations deducting from several exhaustive reports made by the OECD Secretariat. The paper has also reviewed extant literatures, including classical and relevant contributions supporting the hypothesis. The research observes that during this period (1999-2011) open innovation strategies have been transformed towards the knowledge based economy. In this aspect, the paper has synthesized a few key ele-ments of the transformation ranging from human resources to venture capital to patenting. Before concluding on the research findings, the paper has tried to develop a research framework in rela-tion to the agents of transformation

Is open innovation imperative to small and medium enterprises?: A comparative study

The newly evolved trends of transformation in the entrepreneurships, their establishment, operation and management, and subsequent alterations in the entrepreneurship's knowledge arena has brought out the idea of open innovation, suggesting that ideas for innovations can transpire or go to market from outside the company as well as inside. Leaders among the global entrepreneurships, among others including researchers, academics and agencies acting as intermediaries are thriving to achieve success in accommodating open innovation (OI) strategies in their business processes or researches or activities leading to additional value gain. OI strategies, accepted by relatively large corporate business houses through their very nature, but as time passes and strategies mature, seemingly and gradually they are being adapted by the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) for the benefit of economic and knowledge gain. This paper through a comparative study has tried to incorporate ideas of open innovation that are suitable for SMEs and find answer to the question on the acceptance of OI strategies in SMEs.- (undefined

Collaborative Research (CR) as a reduced transaction cost in Open Innovation

In this conceptual paper, open innovation is considered from the point of view of collaboration between industry and academy. However, if considered under the framework of the Resource Based Theory, specifically regarding Transaction Cost, it can be shown that the two phenomena are in fact compatible. The discussion regarding Transaction Cost is focused mainly on the management resources available for the activity and the cost incurred as alternative cost compared to other activities the management could engage in, especially regarding the nexus of Industry-Academy collaboration. SMEs faced with the ever increasing stress of intensive competition and limited by their resources in their abilities to deal with it effectively turn to collaboration as a solution. The discussion synthesizes two articles recently published as chapters in books (Porath, 2012a; Porath, 2012b) analyzing collaboration as an open innovation activity within the Resource Based Theory

Adoption of open innovation strategies among SMEs: a comparative study In Portugal and Turkey

The aim of this paper is to outline the situation of the Portuguese and the Turkish small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in the field of adopting various open innovation strategies. Through the research, the reader may get a bird sight view on the conditions of the decision-making process leading to the introduction of a open innovation among SMEs within the local context. In the aspect of adoption of strategies the Portuguese enterprises adopt collaboration with universities in higher proportion, while Turkish SMEs adopt collaboration with intermediaries in higher proportion, though in both countries, collaboration with other partners remain as the best chosen strategy. It has been concluded that enterprises of the same size in the surveyed countries consider similar factors before making a decision on introducing open innovation strategies in their business. Furthermore, it is expected that within a short time, an extended survey will be carried out in both countries, including one or two additional countries

Functionalisation of terpenoids at C-4 via organopalladium dimers: cyclopropane formation during oxidation of homoallylic sigma-organopalladium intermediates with lead tetraacetate

The synthesis of new potential adjuvant saponin aglycons was investigated by selective palladium mediated C-H functionalisation of appropriately functionalised derivatives of lanosterol, cholesterol, and friedelin. The desired equatorial aldehyde functionality was successfully introduced into the lanosterol skeleton as expected. Cyclopalladation of a cholesterol derivative proceeded as expected, but during oxidation of the organopalladium intermediate, participation of the adjacent alkene functionality led to stereoselective formation of a cyclopropane and introduction of an acetate group into the steroid backbone at C-6. Further investigation of this unusual cyclopropane formation on a model decalin system confirmed the result, but C-H activation on a related open chain system was prevented by complexation of the alkene functionality to the palladium. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The Lifeguard Rescue Reporting System: Survey Results from a Collaborative Data Collection Method

Several water safety organizations have attempted to improve reporting regarding lifeguard actions in order to better understand the characteristics of successful, non-fatal rescues. In 2003, a collective effort initiated the Lifeguard Rescue Reporting System, an online survey distributed to lifeguards and facility managers across the United States and Canada to better understand rescue actions performed in pools/spas, water parks, and open water areas. After seven years of data collection, the online survey accumulated data reflecting 1,676 rescue actions, collecting information including location, victim characteristics and outcome, rescuer characteristics and strategies, and other general circumstances. Descriptive results indicated that at least half of victims were 14 years old or younger across all settings. Depths of 0.9-1.5m (3-5 ft) represented the range at which incidents most frequently occurred in pools and spas and waterparks, whereas the depth of incidents was generally deeper in natural and open waterways. During rescue incidents, water safety personnel generally identified victims either visually (83-92% of the time) and/or audibly (18-29%), although victim “profiling” was also employed 10-14% of the time to identify at-risk swimmers. Notably, across all three water setting types, no medical aid was required in most cases (60-72%), suggesting the efficacy and essentiality of lifeguards as aquatic first responders. Accordingly, as water-based recreation maintains its popularity, systematically collecting and analyzing data specific to everyday, rescue actions are critical to improving lifeguard education and strategic, data-based operating procedures