Of Animal and Men: The Importance of Animal Environment to Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach

The contribution of the animal environments to the worsening of the global antimicrobial resistance framework is related to the use of antimicrobials in subtherapeutic doses and, for long periods, establishing ideal conditions for the circulation of resistance genes, which can be transmitted to pathogens adapted to the human microbiota. The study of the animal environment as conducive to the acceleration of resistance evolution is an emerging and critical area for understanding the development and dissemination of resistance genes among the circulating bacteria. The connection between people, animals, and the environment allows us to consider antimicrobial resistance in an approach within the “One Health” concept, which provides a global strategy for expanding collaboration and interdisciplinary communication. This chapter will highlight the emergence of colistin resistance, a great challenge in antimicrobial resistance field. Also, it will focus on some agents included in the priority list of superbugs of the World Health Organization (WHO) or correlated species already identified in veterinary medicine, such as the critical superbugs; priority level 1, Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ESBL-producing Carbapenemic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; and the high-priority, level 2, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The overuse of antimicrobials in poultry has led to the development and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the poultry industry. One of the most effective mechanisms of resistance found in Escherichia coli is the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL); there are several ESBLs, including the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M families. This resistance mechanism and the risks associated with transmitting these resistant microorganisms between animals, the environment, and humans can occur through direct contact and consumption of infected animals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli in samples isolated from three broiler farms in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and screen the isolates for ESBL genes. The findings of this study demonstrated the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in all farms studied. The findings of this study highlight the urgency for a program to monitor the poultry industry value chains at the regional level to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we recommend that the enzyme subtypes produced by bacterial isolates should be determined to effectively characterize the distribution of genes related to antimicrobial resistance

Resistência antimicrobiana em animais de produção: uma visão geral

Nas últimas duas décadas, a resistência antimicrobiana emergiu como um intrigante desafio multifatorial. O papel do uso de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento em produção animal, exercendo uma pressão de seleção positiva que pode favorecer a sobrevivência de cepas resistentes sobre as sensiveis, é o tema de vários estudos em todo mundo. Por outro lado, defensores do uso de promotores de crescimento argumentam que abolir os antimicrobianos resultará em vários desequilibrios na cadeia produtiva. Alguns estudos sustentam a ideia de que existem alternativas viáveis e eficientes tais como probióticos, complexos enzimáticos e produtos naturais que podem contribuir para a promoção do crescimento sem incrementar a resistência antimicrobiana. Considerando a importância da produção animal para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da sociedade Brasileira e a crucialidade deste tem, esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos da resistência antimicrobiana na indústria avícola e leiteira, dois maiores sistemas de produção. Também, discute os desafios enfrentados pelos pesquisadores no estabelecimento de um perfil de resistência que leva em conta três importantes aspectos: identificação de espécies, diversidade das espécies e fatores de virulência que pode contribuir para o padrão de resistência observado, e adicionalmente, o papel emergente das Enterobacteriaceae na resistência antimicrobial no ambiente da produção animal

Stress neuropeptide levels in adults with chest pain due to coronary artery disease: potential implications for clinical assessment

: Substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are neuropeptides involved in nociception. The study of biochemical markers of pain in communicating critically ill coronary patients may provide insight for pain assessment and management in critical care. Purpose of the study was to to explore potential associations between plasma neuropeptide levels and reported pain intensity in coronary critical care adults, in order to test the reliability of SP measurements for objective pain assessment in critical care