Review of SQL injection : problems and prevention

SQL injection happened in electronic records in database and it is still exist even after two decades since it first happened. Most of the web-based applications are still vulnerable to the SQL injection attacks. Although technology had improved a lot during these past years, but, hackers still can find holes to perform the SQL injection. There are many methods for this SQL injection to be performed by the hackers and there is also plenty of prevention for the SQL injection to be happened. The vulnerability to SQL injection is very big and this is definitely a huge threat to the web based application as the hackers can easily hacked their system and obtains any data and information that they wanted anytime and anywhere. This paper can conclude that several proposed techniques from existing journal papers used for preventing SQL injection. Then, it comes out with Blockchain concept to prevent SQL injection attacks on database management system (DBMS) via IP

An expert system for pneumococcal prognosis

Threats and viruses are particularly alarming for children with low immunization levels. Pneumococcal disease is the world's most important cause of child death and has claimed many lives. Since awareness of the dangers of Pneumococcal viruses among parents is low in Malaysia, preventive measures such as vaccine intake cannot be done comprehensively. Hence, in order to communicate information about Pneumococcal disease, a pneumococcal disease diagnosis system for children is developed. This system employs expert system method and apply forward chaining technique for its reasoning. Knowledge base of the system is stored in the database for data management. This alternative system allows access to information as well as early diagnosis of early symptoms can be detected. This system is expected to benefit users in terms of knowledge sharing, and self-checking on their body condition, especially parents, to prevent any possible diseases that may infect children's

DNA Barcoding of Commercial Fish Sold in Muar Fish Market, Johor

Due to the high demand in the fisheries market, species identification is vital for commercial fish to avoid mislabeling and fraud in marketplaces. The increasingly threatening human activities like overfishing, blast fishing, poison fishing, and trawling have become the major threats to fish and caused an urgent need for documentation of both marine and freshwater fishes. Commercial fish products sometimes are sold by their parts, such as fins which further create confusion for identification purposes. Morphological identification also requires highly skilled ichthyologists to avoid misidentification. Thus, identification through DNA barcoding can be utilized as it holds the potential for accurate and rapid identification. Here we identified the commercial marine fish species sold in Muar Fish Market, Johor, using the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A 700 base-pair sequence of the COI region was targeted by amplifying extracted DNA from 28 fin samples collected from the fish market. From 28 samples, we successfully sequenced 16 samples, and by using phylogenetic analysis, (Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI)) we successfully identified the samples belonging to nine families (Scombridae, Platycephalidae, Carangidae, Ariidae, Polynemidae, Coryphaenidae, Sphyraenidae, Muraenesocidae, Engraiulidae), 12 genera and 16 species. This study reports the first documentation of commercial fish sold in Muar through the DNA barcoding technique. This technique should be expanded further to identify any species with important conservation implications, such as endangered species, for improved management of fisheries in Malaysia

Preliminary Ethnoichthyological Assessment: Fish Consumption Patterns among Orang Asli Semelai (Aborigines: Proto-Malay) in Tasek Bera, Pahang

Ethnoichthyology, as a field of study, examines the indigenous knowledge held by ethnic groups concerning different fish species. Despite its significance in understanding traditional fishing practices and cultural connections to aquatic resources, data on fish species consumption among the Orang Asli Semelai community remain limited. Therefore, this ethnoichthyological preliminary study aims to address this research gap by documenting the fish species utilized by the Orang Asli Semelai in the Tasek Bera region of Pahang, Malaysia. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive survey and interview session were conducted with a small sample size of four randomly chosen respondents. The study identified 15 fish species solely consumed as food by the community. The most commonly consumed fish species were the Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) and Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata). Additionally, the study revealed the presence of the Critically Endangered Jullien's Golden Carp (Probarbus jullieni) among the consumed species, indicating the urgent need for conservation efforts. The findings underscore the significance of integrating sustainable fishing practices and conservation efforts to protect the unique ecosystem of Tasek Bera and preserve the cultural heritage of the Orang Asli Semelai community. Further comprehensive studies and collaborative approaches are vital to safeguarding the region's aquatic biodiversity and ensuring the community's food security sustainably

A review on next-generation wildlife monitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) detection and next-generation sequencing in Malaysia

The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) as the genetic tool to monitor biodiversity has been increasing across the world, including Malaysia. Over a decade, the technique has become widely used in wildlife conservation with the technologies called next-generation sequencing (NGS). Unfortunately, as one of the top megadiverse countries, Malaysia is still behind in this field since eDNA methods outperform traditional surveys. Hence, in this study, we analyzed the paper related to eDNA studies in Malaysia, which focused on wildlife monitoring. We conducted a systematic bibliographic search and quantitative review of studies published before June 2021 from Google Scholar and Scopus database. Forty published eDNA studies were found, and each paper was classified based on five themes (species identification, diet assessment, health monitoring, resolve taxonomic, whole-genome sequencing) according to the study analysis. This study aims to identify gaps in eDNA in Malaysia, which can later be useful for future conservation actions and development by applying technology in wildlife monitoring

Preliminary Assessment on Primate Diversity and Potential of PrimaTourism Among Local People and Orang Asli Jakun (Aborigines: Proto-Malay) in Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia

PrimaTourism is a well-known aspect of nature tourism that provides valuable benefits for the primate species conservation. Malaysia, with its rich diversity of more than 25 primate species inhabited in the country, holds significant potential for enhancing primate-based tourism. However, the information on primate species in potential tourism spots like Tasik Chini remains limited, with only a few data on their behaviour and ecology. Additionally, the lack of comprehensive information on the primate species poses challenges in identifying potential PrimaTourism product. Thus, this study aimed to assess primate diversity and explore the perception of PrimaTourism among local people in Tasik Chini. A survey and interview session were conducted over five days in two villages around Tasik Chini (Kampung Gumum and Felda Chini), involving a total of 32 respondents. Most respondents reported the presence of two common primate species in their area: the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The result suggested a significant majority (81%) of respondents expressed support for the dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) as an ideal primate species for PrimaTourism in Tasik Chini, citing its attractive coloration and favoring the development of primate-based tourism. Overall, these findings can serve as essential baseline data for implementing primate tourism in the area, engaging the local community to attract tourists to Tasik Chini effectively and eventually serve as a conservation tool for the primate species.

Involvement of mainstream teachers in inclusive education: are we ready?

The implementation of inclusive education is a challenging task because the teachers involved in inclusive education must equip themselves with field knowledge and pedagogical skills and, more importantly, they must have great passion for inclusive education. This research attempts to investigate the readiness of mainstream teachers who engaged in an inclusive education programme. Readiness was measured in three different aspects: (i) field knowledge, (ii) pedagogical skill, and (iii) attitude. A total of 128 mainstream teachers who were actively involved in inclusive education programmes in primary schools were invited to participate in this research. A questionnaire was constructed to measure the level of readiness among the participating teachers. The results revealed that although the readiness level in terms of pedagogical skill was high, the readiness for field knowledge and attitude were at medium level. Our findings suggest that more effort and pragmatic actions are required to facilitate mainstream teachers who teach in inclusive classes to enhance their field knowledge and strengthen their positive attitude towards inclusive education

Scenedesmus biomass productivity and nutrient removal from wet market wastewater, a bio-kinetic study

The current study aims to investigate the production of microalgae biomass as a function for different wet market wastewater ratios (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and Scenedesmus sp. initial concentrations (104 , 105 , 106 , 107 cells/mL) through the phycoremediation process. The biomass production, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic compounds (TOC) were determined daily. The pseudo-first order kinetic model was used to measure the potential of Scendesmus sp. in removing nutrients while the Verhulst logistic kinetic model was used to study the growth kinetic. The study revealed that the maximum productivity of Scenedesmus sp. biomass was recorded with 106 cells/mL of the initial concentration in 50% wet market wastewater (98.54 mg/L/day), and the highest removal of TP, TN, and TOC was obtained (85, 90 and 65% respectively). Total protein and lipid contents in the biomass yield produced in the wet market wastewater were more than that in the biomass produced in the BBM (41.7 vs. 37.4 and 23.2 vs. 19.2%, respectively). The results of GC–MS confirmed detection of 44 compounds in the biomass from the wet market wastewater compared to four compounds in the BBM. These compounds have several applications in pharmaceutical and personal care products, chemical industry and antimicrobial activity. These findings indicated the applicability of wet market wastewater as a production medium for microalgae biomass

Molecular analysis for halal verification: screening porcine DNA in charms cosmetic skincare products

The growing Muslim population around the world has led to an increase in demand for Halal products such as cosmetic. Previously, the cosmetics business was dominated by non-halal cosmetic enterprises, as many products contained pig-derived substances, which are forbidden in Islam. In 2012, Charms Skincare Cosmetics, a Malaysian cosmetic brand, was established with a focus on producing Halal-certified products. Thus, the aim of the study is to demonstrate that the seven products from the brand are free from porcine DNA, following halal verification. All the cosmetic products were isolated using the Agilent Porcine Detection Kit, and the amplification was done by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method targeting porcine-specific DNA sequences from the Cytochrome b region. The result showed no amplification of the Cytb gene in gel visualization and was supported by the absence of porcine DNA using RT-PCR from all seven Charms cosmetic products, representing the absence of any pig derivative substances. These findings indicate that the products comply with Islamic requirements, and the PCR method proves to be a sensitive and reliable approach for the detection of porcine DNA in halal authentication processes

A comparative assessment of 16s ribosomal RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (COI) primers for amphibian DNA barcoding

Amphibians, a diverse and ecologically important group, are facing global declines due to various factors, including habitat loss and climate change. Accurate species identification is crucial for effective conservation efforts, and DNA barcoding has emerged as a powerful tool in this regard. This study compares the efficacy of two DNA barcoding primer sets, targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, for identifying 20 amphibian species. While both primer sets successfully amplified sequences, the 16S rRNA gene region identified all 20 samples, whereas the COI region identified 14. The amplified sequences, approximately 550 base pairs for 16S rRNA and 658 base pairs for COI facilitated precise taxonomic placement within amphibian families using Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic trees. These findings enhance DNA barcoding methodology and aid in understanding amphibian diversity, crucial for effective conservation strategies amidst global declines drives by habitat loss, diseases, and climate chang