Phylogenetic network relating Y-STR haplotypes within haplogroup H1a1a -M82- of Roma with northwest Indian populations.

<p>The network was constructed using a median joining with MP (maximum parsimony) algorithm as implemented in the Network 4.6 program. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of samples. SC = Scheduled Caste and ST = Scheduled Tribe.</p

Measure of Genetic Diversity and expansion ages of haplogroup H1a1a-M82 among different population groups.

<p><i>n</i> = number of samples; <i>h</i> = number of haplotypes; HD = haplotype diversity; MPD = mean pairwise difference; AMD = average mutational distance from Roma modal haplotype.</p

Y-chromosomal haplogroup H1a1a-M82 founder analysis for Roma.

<p>Different founders were identified based on the Network analysis (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048477#pone.0048477.s001" target="_blank">Text S1</a>). The age was estimated from the ρ statistic (the mean number of mutations from the assumed root of each and every founder), using a 25-year generation time and the TD statistic, assuming a mutation rate of 6.9×10⁻⁴<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048477#pone.0048477-Zhivotovsky1" target="_blank">[11]</a>, based on variation at 15 common Y-STR loci.</p

The average number of pairwise differences are shown within (PiX along diagonal) and between (PiXY above diagonal) populations; pairwise (δμ)2 genetic distance values are depicted below the diagonal.

<p>The average number of pairwise differences are shown within (PiX along diagonal) and between (PiXY above diagonal) populations; pairwise (δμ)2 genetic distance values are depicted below the diagonal.</p

Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) using Y-STRs between groups of populations categorized on the basis of geography.

<p>Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) using Y-STRs between groups of populations categorized on the basis of geography.</p

Phylogenetic network relating Y-STR haplotypes within haplogroup H1a1a -M82.

<p>The network was constructed using a median joining with MP (maximum parsimony) algorithm as implemented in the Network 4.6 program. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of samples. The data used for comparison have been taken from the literature (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048477#pone.0048477.s001" target="_blank">Text S1</a>).</p

The most parsimonious route of prehistoric expansion of Y-chromosomal haplogroup H1a1a-M82 and the recent out-of -India migration of European Roma ancestors.

<p>The most parsimonious route of prehistoric expansion of Y-chromosomal haplogroup H1a1a-M82 and the recent out-of -India migration of European Roma ancestors.</p