6 research outputs found

    Industry Equilibrium with Open Source and Proprietary Firms

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    We present a model of industry equilibrium to study the coexistence of Open Source (OS) and Proprietary (P) firms. Two novel aspects of the model are: (1) participation in OS arises as the optimal decision of profit-maximizing firms, and (2) OS and P firms may (or may not) coexist in equilibrium. Firms decide their type and investment in R&D, and sell packages composed of a primary good (like software) and a complementary private good. The only difference between both kinds of firms is that OS share their technological advances on the primary good, while P keep their innovations private. The main contribution of the paper is to determine conditions under which OS and P coexist in equilibrium. Interestingly, this equilibrium is characterized by an asymmetric market structure, with a few large P firms and many small OS firms.Industry Equilibrium, Open Source, Innovation, Complementarity, Technology Sharing, Cooperation in R&D

    Essays in industrial organization

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    In this thesis, I study two important issues in the field of industrial organization: competition between firms with different business models and its effects on market allocation, and the relation between innovative activity and employment at the firm level. The first chapter entitled "Employment and innovation: Firm level evidence from Argentina" is a joint work with David Giuliodori and Rodolfo Stucchi. This chapter provides evidence about the effect of innovation on employment in Argentina in the period 1998-2001. In particular, we quantify the effect of process and product innovations on employment growth and the skill composition. Our results show that: (i) Product innovations have a positive effect on employment growth biased toward skill labor; (ii) Process innovations do not affect employment growth or composition; (iii) There are no heterogeneous effects in technology intensity and size, (iv) Most of the contraction in employment in this period was explained by noninnovators. The second chapter entitled "Industry equilibrium with open-source and proprietary firms" is a joint work with Gast on Llanes. This chapter presents a model of industry equilibrium to study the coexistence of open-source and proprietary firms. Two novel aspects of the model are (i) participation in open source arises as the optimal decision of pro t-maximizing firms, and (ii) open-source and proprietary firms may (or may not) coexist in equilibrium. Firms decide their type and investment in R&D, and sell packages composed of a primary good and a complementary private good. Open-source firms share their technological advances on the primary good, whereas proprietary firms keep their innovations private. The main contribution of the chapter is to determine conditions under which open-source and proprietary firms coexist in equilibrium. Interestingly, this equilibrium is characterized by an asymmetric market structure, with few large proprietary firms and many small open-source firms. The third chapter entitled "Competition between single-market and multimarket banks: Evidence from the US Banking Industry" estimates comparative advantages and disadvantages between single-market and multimarket banks. In the banking industry, due to the relevance of the branch's location, the relevant market is a local market. Based on this fact, the chapter defines two types of competitors: banks with branches in only one local market called single-market banks, and banks with branches in multiple local markets called multimarket banks. The main results of the paper are: (i) incumbent single-market banks have a comparative advantage with multimarket banks in a sample of small urban and rural markets, and (ii) single-market banks face higher expansion costs into other local markets than mutlimarket banks. This chapter presents two main contributions. First, it contributes to the discussion about agency problems for hierarchical firms in markets with asymmetric information. Second, it suggests the possibility of unexpected consequences after a deregulation of the expansion restrictions that lesser the barrier to entry for multimarket banks.En esta tesis se estudian dos problemas relevantes en el campo de la organizaci贸n industrial: competencia entre firmas con distintos modelos de negocios (firmas "open source" y propietarias en el cap铆tulo 2, y firmas multimercado y unimercado en el cap铆tulo 3) y sus efectos sobre el mercado como asignador de recursos, y la relaci贸n emp铆rica entre actividad innovadora y empleo al nivel de firma. El primer cap铆tulo llamado "Empleo e innovaci贸n: Evidencia al nivel de firma para Argentina" es un trabajo conjunto con David Giuliodori y Rodolfo Stucchi. Este cap铆tulo muestra evidencia del efecto de la innovaci贸n en el empleo para Argentina en el per铆odo 1998-2000. En particular, se mide el efecto de innovaci贸n en proceso y producto en la tasa de crecimiento del empleo y la composici贸n de la cualificaci贸n del empleo. Los resultados del cap铆tulo muestran que: (i) Las innovaciones de producto tienen un efecto positivo en el crecimiento del empleo sesgado hacia el trabajo calificado; (ii) las innovaciones de proceso no afectan el crecimiento del empleo o las composici贸n de la cualificaci贸n del empleo; (iii) no hay efectos heterog茅neos en funci贸n del sector tecnol贸gico al que pertenece la firma y el tama帽o de la firma; (iv) La mayor parte de la contracci贸n del empleo en el per铆odo se explica por la decisiones de contrataci贸n de la firmas no innovadoras. El segundo cap铆tulo llamado "Equilibrio en la industria con firmas "open source" y propietarias" es un trabajo conjunto con Gast贸n Llanes. En este cap铆tulo se presenta un modelo de equilibrio en una industria para estudiar la coexistencia entre firmas "open source" y propietarias. El modelo presenta dos aspectos novedosos (i) la participaci贸n en un proyecto open source surge end贸genamente a partir de las decisiones 贸ptimas de firmas maximizadoras de beneficios, y (ii) las firmas open source y propietarias pueden coexistir o no en equilibrio. Las firmas deciden su tipo y su inversi贸n en I+D, y venden paquetes conformados por un bien primario y un bien complementario privado. Las firmas open source comparten sus avances tecnol贸gicos en el bien primario mientras que las firmas propietarias mantienen sus innovaciones privadas. La principal contribuci贸n del cap铆tulo es determinar las condiciones que permiten la coexistencia de ambas firmas en equilibrio. Un resultado importante es que el equilibrio se caracteriza por una estructura asim茅trica de mercado con un n煤mero reducido de firmas propietarias de gran tama帽o y numerosas firmas open source de menor tama帽o. El tercer cap铆tulo llamado "Competencia entre bancos unimercado y multimercado: Evidencia para la industria bancaria de EEUU" estima las ventajas y desventajas comparativas entre bancos unimercado y multimercado. El mercado relevante en la industria bancaria de EEUU, debido a la importancia de la distancia geogr谩fica en la industria, es esencialmente local. El trabajo considera dos tipos de competidores en funci贸n a la localizaci贸n de las sucursales bancarias: bancos con presencia en un solo mercado local llamados bancos unimercado, y bancos con presencia en m谩s de un mercado local llamados bancos multimercado. Los resultados principales del trabajo son: (i) los bancos unimercado incumbentes tienen ventajas comparativas frente a los bancos multimercados en mercados urbanos de menor tama帽o y en mercados rurales, y (ii) los bancos unimercados enfrentan mayores costos de expansi贸n hacia otros mercados locales que los bancos multimercado. Este cap铆tulo presenta dos contribuciones principales. Primero, contribuye a la discusi贸n sobre los problemas de agencia de firmas m谩s jer谩rquicas en mercados con problemas de informaci贸n asim茅trica. Segundo, sugiere la posibilidad de consecuencias no esperadas de una pol铆tica de desregulaci贸n a la expansi贸n de las sucursales bancarias que disminuye la barreras a la entrada de los bancos multimercado.Employment and innovation: firm level evidence from Argentina / Ramiro de Elejalde with David Giuliodori and Rodolfo Stucchi. -- Competition between single-market and multimarket banks: evidence from the U.S. Banking Industry. -- Industry equilibrium with open-source and propietary firms / Ramiro de Elejalde with Gast贸n LlanesPrograma Oficial de Posgrado en Econom铆aPresidente: Jos茅 Fari帽as Garc铆a; Secretario: Natalia Fabra Portela; Vocal: Pilar Beneito L贸pe

    evidence from Uruguayan firms

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    El art铆culo investiga la relaci贸n entre la intensidad competitiva en los mercados y su impacto en la innovaci贸n. Utilizando datos a nivel micro de Uruguay, nosotros encontramos un impacto negativo y significativo de la competencia en la inversi贸n de recursos dedicados a actividades de innovaci贸n, pero evidencia de un efecto positivo y significativo de la competencia sobre la eficiencia del gasto en innovaci贸n. Adem谩s, encontramos que este efecto no es despreciable. Un incremento en una desviaci贸n est谩ndar (sd) en competencia aumenta la eficiencia del gasto de innovaci贸n entre 1.0 sd y 2.5 sd dependiendo de la medida de eficiencia. Nuestro hallazgo tiene implicaciones importantes para la pol铆tica de la competencia: a medida que aumenta la rivalidad competitiva, los recursos dedicados a actividades de innovaci贸n se vuelven m谩s eficiente. [Resumen de autor

    Frequent Monitoring in Repeated Games under Brownian Uncertainty

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    This paper studies frequent monitoring in a simple in鈥itely repeated game with imperfect public information and discounting, where players observe the state of a continuous time Brownian process at moments in time of length. It shows that e 垄 cient strongly symmetric perfect public equilibrium payo陇s can be achieved with imperfect public monitoring when players monitor each other at the highest frequency, i.e.! 0. The approach proposed places distinct initial conditions on the process, which depend on the unknown action pro鈥e simultaneously and privately decided by the players at the beginning of each period of the game. The strong decreasing e陇ect on the expected immediate gains from deviation when the interval between actions shrinks, and the associated increase precision of the public signals, make the result possible in the limit. The existence of a positive monotonic relation between payo陇s and monitoring intensity is also found
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