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    The Pricing of Water in Louisiana.

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    In L o u i s i a n a , t h e p r i m a r y w a t e r p r o b l e m i s o n e o f p r o p e r a l l o c a t i o n o f w a t e r among r e s i d e n t i a l , i n d u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e r s . In t h i s c o n t e x t , t h i s s t u d y e v a l u a t e s c u r r e n t p r i c e s t r u c t u r e s and p r i c i n g p o l i c i e s i n o r d e r t o e x p l o r e t h e u s e o f e c o n o m i c c r i t e r i a f o r an e f f i c i e n t a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e r e s o u r c e . D a ta c o l l e c t e d p e r t a i n e d t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f w a t e r s u p p l y i n g u n i t s , t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , p r i c e s c h e d u l e s , b a s e s o f p r i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , and t h e f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s o f e a c h u n i t . To p u t t h i s s t u d y i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e , t h e r o l e o f p r i c e t h e o r y i n a l l o c a t i o n o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s was e x a m in e d and a r e v i e w o f w a t e r p r i c i n g p o l i c i e s i n a r i d and humid r e g i o n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was a c c o m p l i s h e d . R e s i d e n t i a l w a t e r s u p p l i e s i n L o u i s i a n a a r e p r o v i d e d by r e g u l a t e d w a t e r u t i l i t i e s owned by p r i v a t e i n v e s t o r s , m u n i c i p a l g o v e r n m e n t s , o r by g r o u p s o f i n d i v i d u a l s o r g a n i z e d t o form n o n p r o f i t c o r p o r a t i o n s w h o s e i n v e s t m e n t f u n d s a r e p r o v i d e d b y t h e Fa rmers Home A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t FHA s p o n s o r e d w a t e r u t i l i t i e s c h a r g e d 10.08for10,000gallonsofwaterwhileprivateandmunicipalutilitiescharged 1 0 . 0 8 f o r 1 0 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r w h i l e p r i v a t e and m u n i c i p a l u t i l i t i e s c h a r g e d 7 . 9 0 an d 6.74,respectively.Averageannualoperatingcostspercapitawas 6 . 7 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A v e r a g e a n n u a l o p e r a t i n g c o s t s p e r c a p i t a was 1 3 . 3 7 f o r m u n i c i p a l w a t e r u t i l i t i e s , 16.63forFHAwaterutilities,and 1 6 . 6 3 f o r FHA w a t e r u t i l i t i e s , and 1 7 . 7 4 f o r p r i v a t e w a t e r u t i l i t i e s . x i i i Of t h e 231 w a t e r u t i l i t i e s s u r v e y e d , 71 p e r c e n t had a m e t e r e d r a t e s y s t e m b a s e d on d e c l i n i n g b l o c k r a t e s , and t h e g r e a t e r d i s c o u n t s i n p r i c e w e r e g i v e n by m u n i c i p a l w a t e r u t i l i t i e s . Most w a t e r u t i l i t i e s c o n s i d e r e d t h e f i r s t b l o c k a s c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e minimum m o n t h l y c h a r g e . R e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s b e t w e e n p o p u l a t i o n s e r v e d and t o t a l a n n u a l o p e r a t i n g c o s t r e v e a l e d a p o s i t i v e l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s e two v a r i a b l e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n a t u r e o f o w n e r s h i p o f w a t e r u t i l i t i e s . The l e v e l o f t h e s e c o s t s i n r e l a t i o n t o inc om e r e s u l t e d i n one o u t o f t h r e e w a t e r u t i l i t i e s i n c u r r i n g a n e t l o s s i n 1 9 7 1 . L o s s e s w e r e more f r e q u e n t among p r i v a t e w a t e r u t i l i t i e s w h e r e t h e u s e o f f l a t r a t e s was m o s t common. S p e c i a l c h a r g e s i n c l u d e d r a t e s f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n , o u t s i d e - l i m i t s c u s t o m e r s , t a p p i n g f e e , c u s t o m e r d e p o s i t s , m e t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n , r e c o n n e c t i o n f e e s , a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g and l a w n - s p r i n k l i n g . T h e s e s p e c i a l c h a r g e s an d w a t e r r a t e s w e r e a l l b a s e d on t h e a v e r a g e c o s t o f t h e s e r v i c e . Wa te r u s e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e i n L o u i s i a n a i s p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r i c e and i s e i t h e r s e l f - s u p p l i e d o r p r o v i d e d by c a n a l c o m p a n i e s . The c o s t f o r w a t e r from a c a n a l company i s g e n e r a l l y b a s e d on a p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e r i c e c r o p . A c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s b e t w e e n a s u b s u r f a c e p i p e l i n e and a s u r f a c e c a n a l t o i r r i g a t e a 1 3 6 . 5 a c r e r i c e farm was made. The p r i c e o f w a t e r by c a n a l c o m p a n i e s ra n g ed from 4.80to 4 . 8 0 t o 1 3 . 4 5 p e r a c r e - f o o t w h i l e t h e r a n g e was 3.61to 3 . 6 1 t o 8 . 9 0 f o r a s e l f - s u p p l i e d s y s t e m . The s u p p l y o f w a t e r f o r i n d u s t r y i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y s e l f - s u p p l i e d and o n c e t h e w a t e r s y s t e m i s e s t a b l i s h e d , c o s t s r e l a t e o n l y t o pumping and t r a n s m i s s i o n . A l o c a l c h e m i c a l p l a n t e s t i m a t e d c o s t s a t 0.08perxiv1.000gallonsandametalproductsfirmbetween 0 . 0 8 p e r x i v 1 . 0 0 0 g a l l o n s and a m e t a l p r o d u c t s f i r m b e t w e e n 0 . 1 0 t o $ 0 . 1 7 p e r 1 . 0 0 0 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r . I n v i e w o f t h e d i v e r s i t y o f p r i c i n g p o l i c i e s and t h e t e n d e n c y t o a v e r a g e - c o s t p r i c i n g by w a t e r u t i l i t i e s , i t i s recommended t h a t a m a r g i n a l - c c s t p r i c i n g p o l i c y be a p p l i e d f o r more e f f i c i e n t a l l o c a t i o n o f w a t e r . A s e r v i c e c h a r g e e q u a l t o t h e s e m i - f i x e d m a r g i n a l c o s t s and a p e r u n i t c h a r g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e s e a s o n a l v a r i a b l e m a r g i n a l c o s t s c o n s t i t u t e s t h e b a s i c r a t e p r o p o s a l . A p r o p e r t y t a x o r an i n c r e a s e i n t h e s e r v i c e c h a r g e c o u l d be u s e d t o f i n a n c e t h e inc om e d e f i c i t i n s y s t e m s w i t h d e c r e a s i n g a v e r a g e c o s t s o f p r o d u c t i o n . For i n d u s t r y and s e l f - s u p p l i e d a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e r s , t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f w a t e r r i g h t s o r q u o t a s , o r t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f a u s e - t a x c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n m a r g i n a l s o c i a l and p r i v a t e c o s t s was r e c o m n e n d e d
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