Master Catalogue of Lunar and Mars Exploration Missions

This paper contains catalogues of Chronology of Lunar and Mars Exploration Missions with their respective probe parameters such as launch mass, probe mass, the period of mission duration and mission degradation, mission intervals between launches. The novel feature of this catalogues are precise and verified data gathered from reliable online resources and journal articles than other resources available. These catalogues are assorted to have clearance in mission attempts and trends since the last century towards the Moon and Mars. It also encloses random graphical images generated using the data mentioned in this catalogue. The catalogues also comprise gravity assist probes and test launches. Some of the unclear data were gathered from online resources and have uncertain in data validation. This catalogue is derived from our previous complied works described in the supplementary materials section

Cross subject emotion identification from multichannel EEG sub-bands using Tsallis entropy feature and KNN classifier

Abstract Human emotion recognition remains a challenging and prominent issue, situated at the convergence of diverse fields, such as brain–computer interfaces, neuroscience, and psychology. This study utilizes an EEG data set for investigating human emotion, presenting novel findings and a refined approach for EEG-based emotion detection. Tsallis entropy features, computed for q values of 2, 3, and 4, are extracted from signal bands, including theta-θ (4–7 Hz), alpha-α (8–15 Hz), beta-β (16–31 Hz), gamma-γ (32–55 Hz), and the overall frequency range (0–75 Hz). These Tsallis entropy features are employed to train and test a KNN classifier, aiming for accurate identification of two emotional states: positive and negative. In this study, the best average accuracy of 79% and an F-score of 0.81 were achieved in the gamma frequency range for the Tsallis parameter q = 3. In addition, the highest accuracy and F-score of 84% and 0.87 were observed. Notably, superior performance was noted in the anterior and left hemispheres compared to the posterior and right hemispheres in the context of emotion studies. The findings show that the proposed method exhibits enhanced performance, making it a highly competitive alternative to existing techniques. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the shortcomings of the proposed approach, offering valuable insights into potential avenues for improvements

Conceptual Design of Mars Lander with Novel Impact Intriguing System

Planetary landing is the ultimate principle of extraterrestrial exploration. But ef-fectuating successful landing is a strenuous assignment because lander may ex-perience a malfunction and can perform defective landing at any stage due to numerous factors. Here from the perspective of inefficient impact attenuator, we propose a design of Mars lander with a novel impact absorber fabricated from alloyed silicon-chromium spring damper integrated with a dual cylinder of distinct diameter to counteract the pressure variance exerted during landing. In addition to this, we have reviewed the past landing missions and discussed the approach to design and fabrication. Finally, from the derived formulations, we have displayed the preliminary results and we expect that the attenuator may bear an impact force of 20-140 kN for grounding 0.2-1.0-ton class crewed or cargo landers on Mars

Report on the Loss of Vikram Lander of Chandrayaan 2 Mission

India attempted its first-ever science lander mission on 22 July 2019 with the launch of GSLV. This mission is considered to be the first-ever landing mission to the Lunar South Pole Region, that unfortunately lost communication prior to landing at 2.1 km above the lunar surface. The communication issue encountered during the rough breaking of landing phase at 20:23 UTC on 6 September 2019. Subsequent attempt to reestablish the communication from the lander remained unsuccessful. To date, ISRO has not revealed the failure cause behind the failure of Chandrayaan 2 lander “Vikram” along with its micro-rover “Pragyaan”. In this paper, we interpreted some possible causes responsible for the loss of lander and its mishap