Effect of Internal Clearance on Buckling of Multistage Hydraulic Cylinder

Multistage cylinders are generally used to lift and tilt heavy loads under controlled speed. In defence applications multistage cylinders are used in missile tilt platform and antenna mast. Earth moving equipment’s such as tippers, dumpers, cranes and compactors uses multistage cylinders for operations. In the present work multistage hydraulic cylinder (telescopic cylinder) with three stage has been analysed using strain energy method and verified with finite element analysis. The research work investigates the effect of internal clearances which reduces the critical buckling load of hydraulic cylinders. The results are validated by buckling load test. The clearances between the tube to piston guides, gland guide to piston rod, clearances due to tube expansion under pressure, initial curvature in the tube, eccentricity of cylinder components and tube ovality are considered in the buckling load test. Describes the comparative study of buckling load tests of three stage hydraulic cylinders having fixed free and hinged mounting with five different internal clearances

Immunoprotective Effect of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and Glucomannan on T-2 Toxin-Induced Immunodepression in Poultry

The present investigation was undertaken to study the immunoprotective effect of seabuckthorn berries and glucomannan against T-2 toxin-induced immunodepression in 15-day-old chicks. T-2 toxin was produced in the laboratory by growing Fusarium sporotrichioides MTCC 2081 on wheat. T-2 toxin was fed to birds at 1 ppm level of the diet. The powdered seabuckthorn berries were added at 400 and 800 ppm levels, and glucomannan added at 1 g/kg of feed. All the treatments were continued up to 28 days. The immunoprotective effects of seabuckthorn and glucomannan were assessed by evaluating humoral immune reaction against NCD vaccine (haemagglutination test and immunoglobulin estimation), serum immunoglobulin levels, phagocytic index, and DTH reaction against DNFB between day 25 and day 28 of experiment. There was significant (P < .05) decrease in non-specific immunity in T-2 toxin-treated group as evidenced by a reduction in phagocytic index, DTH reaction, HI titer, and total serum Ig compared to the healthy control group. A significant increase (P < .05) in HI titer and total serum Ig was seen in seabuckthorn and glucomannan fed group. A significant (P < .05) increase in DTH reaction and non-specific immune response was seen in seabuckthorn and glucomannan fed birds. The present investigation revealed that the seabuckthorn alone protected the immunosuppressant action of T-2 toxin, but seabuckthorn and glucomannan in combination provided an additive protection against T-2 toxicity

Synchronous primary malignancy of head and neck- a case report

The incidence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms increases with age, reflecting an increase in overall cancer risk in older patients. Cases of two or more concurrent primary cancers are still rare, although its incidence is increasing. Here, we report the case of a 41-years female who was referred to our institution with synchronous papillary carcinoma of thyroid and Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submandibular gland. The case is being presented to emphasize that the clinicians should keep in mind that the appearance of another tumour in a patient suffering from cancer could be either a synchronous or a metachronous or a metastatic lesion

Green house gas emissions from termite ecosystem

Methanogenic archaea (methanogens) that inhabit the gut of termites generate enormous amount of methane that adds to the global atmospheric methane (CH4). Methane is an important trace gas in the atmosphere, contributing significantly to long wave absorption and bringing in variations into the chemistries of both the troposphere and the stratosphere. In the troposphere, methane acts as a sink for hydroxide (OH) and as a source for carbon monoxide (CO). While in the stratosphere, methane is a sink for chlorine (Cl) molecules and a source of water vapor, which is a dominant greenhouse gas. Analysis has shown that atmospheric concentrations of methane have increased by about 30% over the last 40 years. Such an increase may greatly affect future levels of stratospheric ozone and hence, the climate of the earth. Recent estimates of the total annual source strength of CH4 vary from 400 to 1200 Tg. Activities such as rice cultivation, cattle production, mining, use of fossil fuels and biomass burning is believed to be the cause of increasing methane levels in the atmosphere. To add to this list is the source from termites, which contributes measurable quantities of CH4 ranging from 2 to 150 Tg per year. However, data indicate that while there are large variations in the amount of CH4 produced by different species, the total methane addition due to termites is probably less than 15 Tg per year, thus making a contribution of less than 5% to global CH4 emissions. Furthermore, the review addresses questions related to the biological aspects of termite harboring groups of bacteria that participate in methanogenesis and various other biotechnological potential of unique microbiota as well as possible strategies to mitigate methanogenesis by termite.Key words: Macrotermes, methane, carbondioxide, GHG, methanobacteria, methanosarcina