A prospective study on adverse drug reactions in outpatients and inpatients of medicine department in a tertiary care hospital

Background: No pharmacotherapeutic agent is completely free from noxious and unintended effects and thus adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are inevitable consequences of drug therapy. Incidence of ADRs in Indian population ranges between 1.8% and 25.1%. However, ADR reporting in India is inadequate. Developing awareness inpatients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) will help in reducing the ADRs, its suffering and socioeconomic impact. Hence, the present study of ADR monitoring in the outpatients and inpatients of the medicine department in a tertiary care hospital is undertaken. The main objective of this study was to assess the ADR reporting patterns in outpatient and inpatient of medicine department. The study was also aimed to assess the causality, severity, and preventability of these ADRs and comparison between spontaneous reporting by HCP and patient self-reporting of suspected ADRs.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted in 111 consecutive patients who experienced ADRs in the department of medicine. The study plan included analysis and assessment of the clinical pattern, spectrum of ADRs reported based on causality, severity, preventability factors. The impact of ADRs on emotional, occupational, and social life of patients was evaluated. The assessments were compared between patient reporting and HCP reporting of ADRs.Results: The clinical spectrum of ADRs ranged from the more common mild reactions such as skin rashes, itching, nausea, and vomiting to moderately severe reactions prolonging the hospital stay. The predominant causative drugs were antimicrobials, antiretrovirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihypertensives. The majority of ADRs were probable in causality assessment, moderate in severity and probably preventable. Comparison of ADR reporting between patient and HCP revealed that ADRs reported by patient’s been less in incidence, similar in qualitative analysis to HCP with very elaborative narration and highlighted emotional and occupational impact due to ADRs than HCP reports.Conclusion: A wide range of ADRs are possible in medicine department. Adequate awareness of ADR reporting and precautions, while prescribing drugs are essential. Including patients as additional reporters of suspected ADR may add to the benefit of pharmacovigilance

Radiation and mass transfer effects on unsteady MHD convective flow past an infinite vertical plate with Dufour and Soret effects

This paper deals with the effects of heat and mass transfer on two-dimensional unsteady MHD free convection flow past a vertical porous plate in a porous medium in the presence of thermal radiation under the influence of Dufour and Soret effects. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations have been reduced to the coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by the similarity transformations. The resulting equations are then solved numerically using shooting method along with Runge–Kutta fourth order integration scheme. The numerical results are displayed graphically showing the effects of various parameters entering into the problem. Finally, the local values of the skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also shown in tabular form

Effect of Precursor Concentration on Structural and Morphological Properties of Iron Pyrite Thin Films

AbstractThe cubic FeS2 (Pyrite) films are prepared by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) at different iron ion precursor concentrations that varying from 2.0M to 0.5M. X-ray diffractograms revealed that the presence of (110) plane, corresponding to marcasite structure, and (106) and (304) planes, corresponding to FeS (Triolite) phase are observed along with the pure pyrite phase (200) at higher concentrations of iron. The films deposited at 1.0M concentration has strong (200) and (023) planes related to pure pyrite phase. This is confirmed by the Raman measurements. It is observed that the molar concentration of the precursor plays an important role in controlling the morphology of the films. FTIR spectra shows the existence of –OH, -CH stretching of –CH2 vibrations modes. The optical absorption coefficient is > 104 cm-1 in the visible spectrum, indicating that this material is exploitable as solar cell absorber and found to be optically isotropic. The studies revealed that the precursor concentration of Iron has a significant effect on the behaviour of FeS2 films. A detailed analysis of the results with appropriate discussion is presented