ORAL DELIVERY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES – A REVIEW

Silver nanoparticles (NP) offer many applications in the science and technology. Oral delivery of such tiny particles results in enhanced drug absorption, reduction in dose, and minimize adverse effects. This review focuses on the mainly on the effects in the gastrointestinal tract along with its in vitro and in vivo studies carried on the silver NP. In this review, we compiled some of the extensive research in the field of silver NP, highlighting some of the most recent trends in the area. Search was carried in English language using Science direct, PubMed, and Google scholar search engines. The effects of silver NP on gastrointestinal tract such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination were compiled in this review. In addition, selected in vitro and in vivo studies related to the same are discussed. The accumulation of silver NP leading to Arginia condition also emphasized in the study. Silver NP and herbal silver NP in oral delivery can be exploited for the further safer and effective treatment

Evaluation of learning and memory enhancing activities of protein extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in Wistar albino rats

Background: Learning may be defined as the ability to alter behavior on the basis of experience. Memory is the process of remembering what has been learnt. Memory loss is the first symptom to manifest in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the drugs used in Alzheimer’s are either associated with side effects or they lack disease modifying effect. Ashwagandha is a rasayana (rejuvenative) and possesses antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity (free radicals are produced during the initiation and progression of AD). Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the learning and memory enhancing effect of protein extract of Withania somnifera in Wistar albino rats.Methods: In the present study, Wistar albino rats were given 200mg/kg dose of protein extracts of Withania somnifera orally along with scopolamine (i.p) for 14 days. Rats were subjected to elevate plus maze and passive avoidance testing on 14th day to evaluate learning. Same models were repeated on 15th day to evaluate retention (memory). The results were compared with the negative control group treated with scopolamine only and positive control group treated with scopolamine and piracetam.Results: Significant learning and memory enhancement was observed with the protein extract of Withania somnifera as compared to negative and positive control groups with p value <0.05.Conclusions: We conclude that the protein extract of Withania somnifera is having learning and memory enhancing activity in Wistar albino rats

Quantitative analysis of chemical constituents in medicinal plant coleus aromaticus extracts

Background: Indian medicinal plants have great potential towards curing many diseases. Medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus is known for its wide medical applications. The main objectives of the study undertaken were to analyze the phytochemicals and compare the concentration present in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract with various solvents.Methods: Various extracts of the medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus leaves such as dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein, hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract were prepared and analyzed for various phytochemical concentrations such as Total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method), Flavonoids (Aluminum chloride method), total sugars (Dubois method) and Proteins (Bradford’s method). Standard graph for each component was plotted.Results: The protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher (5.8μg/10μl) than hydro alcoholic extract (1.6μg/10μl), ethanol extract (5.2μg/10μl) and chloroform extract (2.8μg/10μl). The other phytochemicals like total phenol, flavonoids and total sugars were low in concentration in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract compared to hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract.Conclusions: In this study, the protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher than the same in other solvent extracts. This is the basis for further studies to unfold the antioxidant activity of Coleus aromaticus protein in vitro

PREVENTION OF DNA SUGAR, HUMAN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES AND ERYTHROCYTES DAMAGES FROM FREE RADICAL INDUCED OXIDATION BY NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS

Objective: The present study focused on the identification of particular extract which shows signification protection of DNA sugar against excessive oxidation. Methods: The different extracts (water, alcohol, alcohol: water, and hexane) of Agathi seeds (Sesbania grandiflora Linn) were evaluated using various antioxidant and other relevant assays like DNA sugar protection and antioxidant activities. Results: The alcohol: water (1:1) extract of S. grandiflora Linn seeds showed the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. It inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation by 55% at 50 μg/ml, scavenged approximately 69% of hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazayl radicals at 2–3 fold lower concentrations compared to the other extracts. In addition, the alcohol: water extract inhibited ferrous sulfate: ascorbate-induced sugar oxidation of DNA and also showed non-toxic nature against lymphocytes. Conclusion: These results establish the antioxidant potential of the extract, which could be used as natural antioxidant source

IN VITRO PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PROTEINS OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA FRUITS ACTION ON INHIBITION OF HAEMOLYSIS, PROTEINASE & PROTEIN DENATURATION PROCESS

The haemolysis inhibition, proteinase inhibition and protein denaturation inhibition studies were conducted for the anti-inflammatory activity of the crude protein from Terminalia chebula fruits.&nbsp; Results showed that the crude proteins showing 52% inhibition activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity where Ascorbic acid (58%) and Alpha-tocopherol (61%).&nbsp; The percent inhibition of haemolysis from crude proteins (20 to 100 µg/mL) was within the range from 8.0% to 42.1% inhibition levels. Percent inhibition of protein denaturation of these crude proteins was within the range of 5.0 to 28.0% inhibition level. Proteinase inhibitory activity of these crude proteins was within the range of 10.0 to 43.1%. In conclusion, results revealed that all the studied crude proteins possess anti-inflammatory properties at different dosages

Quantitative analysis of chemical constituents in medicinal plant coleus aromaticus extracts

Background: Indian medicinal plants have great potential towards curing many diseases. Medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus is known for its wide medical applications. The main objectives of the study undertaken were to analyze the phytochemicals and compare the concentration present in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract with various solvents.Methods: Various extracts of the medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus leaves such as dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein, hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract were prepared and analyzed for various phytochemical concentrations such as Total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method), Flavonoids (Aluminum chloride method), total sugars (Dubois method) and Proteins (Bradford’s method). Standard graph for each component was plotted.Results: The protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher (5.8μg/10μl) than hydro alcoholic extract (1.6μg/10μl), ethanol extract (5.2μg/10μl) and chloroform extract (2.8μg/10μl). The other phytochemicals like total phenol, flavonoids and total sugars were low in concentration in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract compared to hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract.Conclusions: In this study, the protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher than the same in other solvent extracts. This is the basis for further studies to unfold the antioxidant activity of Coleus aromaticus protein in vitro

Evaluation of learning and memory enhancing activities of protein extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in Wistar albino rats

Background: Learning may be defined as the ability to alter behavior on the basis of experience. Memory is the process of remembering what has been learnt. Memory loss is the first symptom to manifest in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the drugs used in Alzheimer’s are either associated with side effects or they lack disease modifying effect. Ashwagandha is a rasayana (rejuvenative) and possesses antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity (free radicals are produced during the initiation and progression of AD). Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the learning and memory enhancing effect of protein extract of Withania somnifera in Wistar albino rats.Methods: In the present study, Wistar albino rats were given 200mg/kg dose of protein extracts of Withania somnifera orally along with scopolamine (i.p) for 14 days. Rats were subjected to elevate plus maze and passive avoidance testing on 14th day to evaluate learning. Same models were repeated on 15th day to evaluate retention (memory). The results were compared with the negative control group treated with scopolamine only and positive control group treated with scopolamine and piracetam.Results: Significant learning and memory enhancement was observed with the protein extract of Withania somnifera as compared to negative and positive control groups with p value &lt;0.05.Conclusions: We conclude that the protein extract of Withania somnifera is having learning and memory enhancing activity in Wistar albino rats

Ferrous sulphate - Ascorbate induced DNA damage and protection by natural compounds

Objectives: The in vitro antioxidant and inhibition of Ferrous sulphate: Ascorbate induced fragmentation of DNA by crude proteins of Agathi seeds (Sesbania grandiflora Linn) evaluated using various relevant assays. Materials and methods: Assays like DPPH, Hydroxyl radicals, Ferric ion reducing, Ferrous ion chelation, Cytochrome C and Ferrous sulphate-Ascorbate complex induced DNA damage prevention studies were done to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Agathi seed protein. Results: Agathi seeds (Sesbania grandiflora Linn) protein showed more antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. It scavenged approximately 71% of hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazayl radicals 61%. In addition, it reduced cytochrome c and ferric ion levels, chelated ferrous ions and inhibited Ferrous sulfate:Ascorbate-induced fragmentation and sugar oxidation of DNA. Conclusion: These results establish the antioxidant potential of crude proteins of (Sesbania grandiflora Linn)