Intervention Impacts.

<p>Impact of each intervention implemented by itself on (A) total TB cases averted, (B) HIV infections averted, (C) drug susceptible TB cases averted, (D) MDR-TB cases averted, (E) XDR-TB cases averted, and (F) TB and HIV deaths averted over 10 years. XPT: replacement of sputum smear with GeneXpert for baseline microbiologic TB detection. DCT: MDR-TB treatment decentralization, corresponding to new South African guidelines for MDR-TB care. CR: increased cure rate of first-line treatment to 85% for drug susceptible TB, corresponding to WHO goals. IPT: 36 months of IPT for all TST+ HIV+ individuals on ART and 12 mo. for all TST- HIV+ individuals on ART, corresponding to anticipated implementation of new South African guidelines. ART: increasing rate of ART initiation by 24% annually, culminating in the South African goal of 80% ART coverage by 2016. CICF: annual frequency for TB and HIV screening program CICF.</p

Model Diagrams.

<p>Model diagrams of (A) TB transmission dynamics and (B) HIV transmission dynamics. Although depicted separately, modeled individuals had a status for each disease. Drug resistance (<i>i</i>.<i>e</i>., drug susceptible [DS], multidrug-resistant [MDR], and extensively drug-resistant [XDR] TB) was also included in the model. Model parameters and equations are detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126267#pone.0126267.s008" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>.</p

Combined Intervention Impacts with Variable CICF Screening Frequency.

<p>The impact of CICF at different screening frequencies combined with GeneXpert, MDR-TB treatment decentralization, improved drug susceptible TB cure rate, IPT, and expanded ART over a 10 year period on (A) total TB cases averted, (B) HIV infections averted, (C) drug susceptible TB cases averted, (D) MDR-TB cases averted, (E) XDR-TB cases averted, and (F) TB and HIV deaths averted over 10 years. CICF frequencies correspond to screening individuals on average once every five years (CICF frequency per year = 0.2), once every four years (CICF frequency per year = 0.25), once every three years (CICF frequency per year = 0.33), once every two years (CICF frequency per year = 0.5), annually (CICF frequency per year = 1), two times annually (CICF frequency per year = 2), three times annually (CICF frequency per year = 3), four times annually (CICF frequency per year = 4), and five times annually (CICF frequency per year = 5).</p

CICF Impact.

<p>The impact of CICF over a 10 year period on (A) total TB cases averted, (B) HIV infections averted, (C) drug susceptible TB cases averted, (D) MDR-TB cases averted, (E) XDR-TB cases averted, and (F) TB and HIV deaths averted over 10 years. CICF frequencies correspond to screening individuals on average once every five years (CICF frequency per year = 0.2), once every four years (CICF frequency per year = 0.25), once every three years (CICF frequency per year = 0.33), once every two years (CICF frequency per year = 0.5), annually (CICF frequency per year = 1), two times annually (CICF frequency per year = 2), three times annually (CICF frequency per year = 3), four times annually (CICF frequency per year = 4), and five times annually (CICF frequency per year = 5).</p

Combined Intervention Impacts.

<p>Impact of interventions integrated with an annual CICF frequency on (A) total TB cases averted, (B) HIV infections averted, (C) drug susceptible TB cases averted, (D) MDR-TB cases averted, (E) XDR-TB cases averted, and (F) TB and HIV deaths averted over 10 years. XPT: replacement of sputum smear with GeneXpert for baseline microbiologic TB detection. DCT: MDR-TB treatment decentralization, corresponding to new South African guidelines for MDR-TB care. CR: increase cure rate of first-line treatment to 85% for drug susceptible TB, corresponding to WHO goals. IPT: 36 months of IPT for all TST+ HIV+ individuals on ART and 12 mo. for all TST—HIV+ individuals on ART, corresponding to anticipated implementation of new South African guidelines. ART: increasing rate of ART initiation by 24% annually, culminating in the South African goal of 80% ART coverage by 2016. CICF: annual frequency for TB and HIV screening program CICF. ALL but CICF: XPT, DCT, CR, IPT, and ART combined. ALL: XPT, DCT, CR, IPT, ART, and CICF combined.</p

Demographic, Clinical, Sputum, and TB& HIV Treatment Characteristics Among Survivors & Non-survivors of XDR-TB (n = 142).

*<p>not individually included in regression analysis.</p>**<p>p<0.05.</p>$<p>ttest.</p>§<p>Chi-square.</p>€<p>Kruskal-Wallis.</p

Regression Analysis Associated with Survival among XDR-TB patients with HIV-coinfection (n = 129).

<p>Regression Analysis Associated with Survival among XDR-TB patients with HIV-coinfection (n = 129).</p

Selection of Charts for Review.

<p>Selection of Charts for Review.</p

Modifiable & Non-Modifiable Clinical Characteristics of XDR-TB Patients.

<p>Modifiable & Non-Modifiable Clinical Characteristics of XDR-TB Patients.</p