Recreational Rights and Titles to Beds on Western Lakes and Streams

What rights do riparians, their licensees, and the public have to use the small lakes and streams of the West when the beds are privately owned? This is the question which this Article attempts to answer. However, to do this, an analysis had to be made of which lake and stream beds were privately owned. Thus, the Article covers both the questions of title to beds and rights of surface use. This Article represents the first time that an effort has been made to systematically and comprehensively survey the lake and stream surface use cases of the Western part of the Nation, or of any large section of the Nation, and to critically compare and evaluate these cases

Recreational Rights and Titles to Bed on Western Lakes and Streams

What rights do riparians, their licensees, and the public have to use the small lakes and streams of the West when the beds are privately owned? This is the question which this Article attempts to answer. However, to do this, an analysis had to be made of which lake and stream beds were privately owned. Thus, the Article covers both the questions of title to beds and rights of surface use. This Article represents the first time that an effort has been made to systematically and comprehensively survey the lake and stream surface use cases of the Western part of the Nation, or of any large section of the Nation, and to critically compare and evaluate these cases

A Model for Ferromagnetic Nanograins with Discrete Electronic States

We propose a simple phenomenological model for an ultrasmall ferromagnetic grain, formulated in terms of the grain's discrete energy levels. We compare the model's predictions with recent measurements of the discrete tunneling spectrum through such a grain. The model can qualitatively account for the observed features if we assume (i) that the anisotropy energy varies among different eigenstates of one grain, and (ii) that nonequilibrium spin accumulation occurs.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Nonequilibrium and Parity Effects in the Tunneling Conductance of Ultrasmall Superconducting Grains

Recent experiment on the tunneling spectra of ultrasmall superconducting grains revealed an unusual structure of the lowest differential conductance peak for grains in the odd charging states. We explain this behavior by nonequilibrium ``gapless'' excitations associated with different energy levels occupied by the unpaired electron. These excitations are generated by inelastic cotunneling.Comment: 4 pages, 2 .eps figures include

Nonequilibrium excitations in Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

In recent measurements of tunneling transport through individual ferromagnetic Co nanograins, Deshmukh, Gu\'eron, Ralph et al. \cite{mandar,gueron} (DGR) observed a tunneling spectrum with discrete resonances, whose spacing was much smaller than what one would expect from naive independent-electron estimates. In a previous publication, \cite{prl_kleff} we had suggested that this was a consequence of nonequilibrium excitations, and had proposed a ``minimal model'' for ferromagnetism in nanograins with a discrete excitation spectrum as a framework for analyzing the experimental data. In the present paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the properties of this model: We delineate which many-body electron states must be considered when constructing the tunneling spectrum, discuss various nonequilibrium scenarios and compare their results with the experimental data of Refs. \cite{mandar,gueron}. We show that a combination of nonequilibrium spin- and single-particle excitations can account for most of the observed features, in particular the abundance of resonances, the resonance spacing and the absence of Zeeman splitting.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

Photoprotection of sea-ice microalgal communities from the east antarctic pack ice

All photosynthetic organisms endeavor to balance energy supply with demand. For sea-ice diatoms, as with all marine photoautotrophs, light is the most important factor for determining growth and carbon-fixation rates. Light varies from extremely low to often relatively high irradiances within the sea-ice environment, meaning that sea-ice algae require moderate physiological plasticity that is necessary for rapid light acclimation and photoprotection. This study investigated photoprotective mechanisms employed by bottom Antarctic sea-ice algae in response to relatively high irradiances to understand how they acclimate to the environmental conditions presented during early spring, as the light climate begins to intensify and snow and sea-ice thinning commences. The sea-ice microalgae displayed high photosynthetic plasticity to increased irradiance, with a rapid decline in photochemical efficiency that was completely reversible when placed under low light. Similarly, the photoprotective xanthophyll pigment diatoxanthin (Dt) was immediately activated but reversed during recovery under low light. The xanthophyll inhibitor dithiothreitol (DTT) and state transition inhibitor sodium fluoride (NaF) were used in under-ice in situ incubations and revealed that nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) via xanthophyll-cycle activation was the preferred method for light acclimation and photoprotection by bottom sea-ice algae. This study showed that bottom sea-ice algae from the east Antarctic possess a high level of plasticity in their light-acclimation capabilities and identified the xanthophyll cycle as a critical mechanism in photoprotection and the preferred means by which sea-ice diatoms regulate energy flow to PSII. © 2011 Phycological Society of America

Tape Placement Head for Applying Thermoplastic Tape to an Object

A tape placement head for applying thermoplastic tape to an object includes a heated feeder which guides the tape/tow to a heated zone. The heated zone has a line compactor having a single row of at least one movable heated member. An area compactor is located in the heated zone downstream from the line compactor. The area compactor includes a plurality of rows of movable feet which are extendable toward the tape/tow different distances with respect to each other to conform to the shape of the object. A shim is located between the heated compactors and the tape/tow. A chilled compactor is in a chilled zone downstream from the heated zone. The chilled zone includes a line chilled compactor and an area chilled compactor. A chilled shim is mounted between the chilled compactor and the tape/tow

Zero-bias anomalies and boson-assisted tunneling through quantum dots

We study resonant tunneling through a quantum dot with one degenerate level in the presence of a strong Coulomb repulsion and a bosonic environment. Using a real-time approach we calculate the spectral density and the nonlinear current within a conserving approximation. The spectral density shows a multiplet of Kondo peaks split by the transport voltage and boson frequencies. As a consequence we find a zero-bias anomaly in the differential conductance which can show a local maximum or minimum depending on the level position. The results are compared with recent experiments.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, 5 postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let