Co-ordinated Role of TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5 in the Innate Response to Rhinovirus in Bronchial Epithelium

The relative roles of the endosomal TLR3/7/8 versus the intracellular RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5 in viral infection is much debated. We investigated the roles of each pattern recognition receptor in rhinovirus infection using primary bronchial epithelial cells. TLR3 was constitutively expressed; however, RIG-I and MDA5 were inducible by 8–12 h following rhinovirus infection. Bronchial epithelial tissue from normal volunteers challenged with rhinovirus in vivo exhibited low levels of RIG-I and MDA5 that were increased at day 4 post infection. Inhibition of TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5 by siRNA reduced innate cytokine mRNA, and increased rhinovirus replication. Inhibition of TLR3 and TRIF using siRNA reduced rhinovirus induced RNA helicases. Furthermore, IFNAR1 deficient mice exhibited RIG-I and MDA5 induction early during RV1B infection in an interferon independent manner. Hence anti-viral defense within bronchial epithelium requires co-ordinated recognition of rhinovirus infection, initially via TLR3/TRIF and later via inducible RNA helicases

Duration of restraint and isolation stress as a model to study the dark-cutting condition in cattle

Holstein steer calves (n = 32; 156 ± 33.2 kg average BW) were used to evaluate the duration of restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on endocrine and blood metabolite status and the incidence of dark-cutting LM. Calves were blocked by BW and assigned randomly within blocks to one of four stressor treatments: unstressed controls (NS) or a single bout of RIS for 2, 4, or 6 h. Venous blood was collected via indwelling jugular catheters at 40, 20, and 0 min before stressor application and at 20-min intervals during RIS. Unstressed calves remained in their home stanchions and, except for blood sampling, were subjected to minimal handling and stress. Serum cortisol and plasma lactate concentrations were increased (P \u3c 0.01) during the first 20 min after RIS application, and remained elevated throughout the 6 h of RIS. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were greater (P \u3c 0.05) in RIS calves than in NS calves after 80 and 100 min of stressor application, respectively; however, RIS did not (P \u3e 0.80) affect plasma NEFA concentrations. Calves were slaughtered within 20 min of completion of RIS, and muscle samples were excised from right-side LM at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after exsanguination for quantifying LM pH, and glycogen and lactate concentrations. The pH of the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS exceeded 6.0, and was greater (P \u3c 0.05) at 24 and 48 h postmortem than the pH of NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h RIS. Muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ (P = 0.16; 25.58, 10.41, 13.80, and 14.41 mol/g of wet tissue weight for NS and 2-, 4-, and 6-h RIS, respectively), and LM lactate concentrations tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in calves subjected to 6 h of RIS. At 48 h after exsanguination, the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS had more (P \u3c 0.05) bound and less (P \u3c 0.05) free moisture than did the LM from NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h of RIS. Additionally, the LM from RIS calves was darker (lower L* values; P \u3c 0.05) than the LM of NS calves. Visual color scores for the LM were greatest (

Effects of dietary magnesium and short-duration transportation on stress response, postmortem muscle metabolism, and meat quality of finishing swine

Crossbred pigs, heterozygous for the halothane gene, were used to determine the effects of long-term dietary supplementation of magnesium mica (MM) and short-duration transportation stress on performance, stress response, postmortem metabolism, and pork quality. Pigs were blocked by weight, penned in groups (six pigs per pen), and pens (three pens per diet) were assigned randomly either to a control corn soybean meal diet or the control diet supplemented with 2.5% MM (as-fed basis; supplemented at the expense of corn). Diets were fed during the early-finisher (0.95% lysine, as-fed basis; 43.7 to 68 kg) and late-finisher (0.85% lysine, as-fed basis; 68 to 103 kg) periods. At the conclusion of the 71-d feeding trial, 12 pigs from each dietary treatment were selected randomly and subjected either to no stress (NS) or 3 h of transportation stress (TS). Dietary MM had no effect (P ≥ 0.40) on ADG or ADFI; however, G:F was improved (P \u3c 0.05) during the early-finisher period when pigs were fed MM-supplemented diets. Plasma glucose concentrations were increased in TS pigs fed the control diet, but transportation did not affect plasma glucose in pigs fed 2.5% MM (diet × transportation stress; P = 0.02). Dietary MM did not affect blood lactate, cortisol, insulin, NEFA, Ca, or Mg concentrations in response to TS (diet × transportation stress; P ≥ 0.13); however, circulating lactate, cortisol, and glucose concentrations increased in TS pigs (transportation stress × time; P \u3c 0.01). The LM from TS pigs fed MM had higher initial (0-min) and 45-min pH values than the LM from NS pigs fed the control diet (diet × transportation stress × time; P = 0.07). Lactic acid concentration and glycolytic potential were greater in the LM of TS pigs fed MM than TS pigs fed control diets (diet × transportation stress; P ≤ 0.01). Although some trends were identified, neither MM (P ≥ 0.15) nor TS (P ≥ 0.11) altered the color or water-holding capacity of the LM and semimembranosus. The transportation model elicited the expected changes in endocrine and blood metabolites, but dietary MM did not alter the stress response in pigs. Conversely, although pork quality traits were not improved by dietary MM, delaying post mortem glycolysis and elevating 0- and 45-min muscle pH by feeding finishing diets fortified with MM may benefit the pork industry by decreasing the incidence of PSE pork in pigs subjected to short-duration, routine stressors

Dairy science, 1971

Automatic milking systems / D. Armstrong -- Complete records--a key to maximizing dairy farm profits / J. E. Moore -- Complete rations for dairy cattle / A. H. Rakes -- Corn silage as the sole source of roughage for dairy cattle / A. H. Rakes -- Reproductive problems on the dairy farm / N. L. VanDemark -- Alfalfa management / R. W. Van Keuren -- Raw soybeans for milk production / D. L. Palmquist -- Preservation of high moisture corn / D. L. Palmquist -- Feeding calves once daily / L. B. Willett -- Methods of feeding concentrates to dairy cows / D. E. Pritchard -- Coarsely ground alfalfa pellets are an ample replacement for part of the roughage of dairy cows / H. R. Conrad and J. W. Hibbs -- Complete corn silage rations fail to maintain milk production / J. W. Hibbs and H. R. Conrad -- Effects of estrogen and progesterone on established lactation / K. L. Smith, L. A. Muir, F. L. Schanbacher and L. C. Ferguson -- Lactoferrin and the bovine anti-bacterial defense mechanisms: their role in protection against mastitis / F. L. Schanbacher, K. L. Smith, L. C. Ferguson and R. M. Porter -- Bovine colostrum formation: the role of estrogen and progesterone / K. L. Smith, L. A. Muir, H. R. Conrad, L. C. Ferguson and F. L. Schanbacher -- Whey protein composition of nonlactating bovine mammary glands / K. L. Smith, F. L. Schanbacher, L. C. Ferguson and R. M. Porter -- A practical means of initiating near normal lactation in non-lactating and nonpregnant cows and heifers: a progress report / K. L. Smith, L. A. Muir, F. L. Schanbacher, H. R. Conrad and L. C. Ferguson -- Dairy cooperatives / R. E. Jacobson -- Effects of genetic trend and culling practices on current USDA dairy sire evaluation / F. R. Allair