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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India to study the effect of different combinations of organic inputs on performance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean (cv. JS 335) was grown in a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments studied were organic manure (OM) (T1); biodynamic preparation (BD) (T2); OM+panchagavya (OM+PG) (T3); OM+BD (T4); OM+PG+BD (T5); control (T6); and recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (T7). The results of the study revealed that, the treatments with organic manures either alone or in combination with panchagavya and/or biodynamic application improved the performance of soybean crop. The yield of soybean was found comparable and even better (higher 5–13%) with those obtained under RDF, which enhanced nutrient removal by soybean crop by 5–13% with organic combinations. Similarly, the application of organic manures significantly improved the available nutrient status of soil and showed 19–22% and 28–33% higher available N and P, respectively than RDF. Soil enzyme activities, viz. dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase increased by 62–72% and 27–35%, respectively under the treatments receiving organic source of nutrients over RDNot Availabl

Ethics in Telehealth : Comparison between Guidelines and Field Experience -the Case for Learning Health Systems

OBJECTIVES:To understand ethical issues within the tele-health domain, specifically how well established macro level telehealth guidelines map with micro level practitioner perspectives. METHODS:We developed four overarching issues to use as a starting point for developing an ethical framework for telehealth. We then reviewed telemedicine ethics guidelines elaborated by the American Medical Association (AMA), the World Medical Association (WMA), and the telehealth component of the Health Professions council of South Africa (HPCSA). We then compared these guidelines with practitioner perspectives to identify the similarities and differences between them. Finally, we generated suggestions to bridge the gap between ethics guidelines and the micro level use of telehealth. RESULTS:Clear differences emerged between the ethics guidelines and the practitioner perspectives. The main reason for the differences were the different contexts where telehealth was used, for example, variability in international practice and variations in the complexity of patient-provider interactions. Overall, published guidelines largely focus on macro level issues related to technology and maintaining data security in patient-provider interactions while practitioner concern is focused on applying the guidelines to specific micro level contexts. CONCLUSIONS:Ethics guidelines on telehealth have a macro level focus in contrast to the micro level needs of practitioners. Work is needed to close this gap. We recommend that both telehealth practitioners and ethics guideline developers better understand healthcare systems and adopt a learning health system approach that draws upon different contexts of clinical practice, innovative models of care delivery, emergent data and evidence-based outcomes. This would help develop a clearer set of priorities and guidelines for the ethical conduct of telehealth

Inactivation of infectious bursal disease virus by binary ethylenimine and formalin

In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by binary ethylenimine (BEI) in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chickens and its confirmation was done by agar gel precipitation test. Viral suspensions were subjected to inactivation with BEI and formalin for pre-set time intervals. BEI was employed at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L while formalin was used at 0.1% and 0.2%. Sampling was done at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and samples were tested for their inactivation status in 9-day-old embryonated eggs and 3-week-old broiler chickens. IBDV was completely inactivated by 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L BEI after 36 h of incubation at 37 °C, whereas formalin at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations inactivated IBDV in 24 h