Challenges of motherhood in adolescent girls

Background: National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 revealed that 16% of women, aged 15-19 years, have already started childbearing of them urban were 8.7% and rural were 19.1%. Teenage pregnancy is of serious concern because maternal age plays a significant role in adverse outcome and complications of pregnancy. The study was done to find out incidence and analyse the maternal, foetal outcome in adolescent pregnancy.Methods: The study was conducted at People’s College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal from January 2010 to July 2013. All cases of teenage pregnancy who delivered during study period were analysed for age distribution, mode of delivery, indications for caesarean section, complications and neonatal weight.  Results: 78 adolescent girls delivered during study period which was 2.1% of total deliveries. 78% were of age group 19 years, 18 % of cases were of 18 years of age 2.5% cases were of 17 years and 1.28% of case 14 years. 90% were primigravida. Total pre-term deliveries were 13% of the all adolescent deliveries. 46% delivered by caesarean section. Majority of caesarean sections were done for cephalo-pelvic disproportion (50% cases) followed by foetal distress (22%). 52% of cases had baby weight more than 2.5 kg. 35% of cases had weight between 2 kg and 2.5 kg and 13% of cases had weight less than 2 kg. PIH was found in 32% of cases, Anaemia and IUGR was present in 29% of cases. PPH occurred in 12.80% cases.Conclusions: In teenage pregnancy cesarean section rate was high (46%). PIH, anemia and IUGR were the associated complications. So we should best aim to reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy, not only to minimize the adverse outcomes on young mothers but also to limit the family-size by providing adolescent friendly health services

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLET OF RAMIPRIL BY HPLC METHOD

Objective: The Objective of present work is method development and validation of HPLC method for the quantitation of Ramipril in Fast dissolving tablet (FDT).Methods: A stable, linear, rapid, accurate and selective HPLC method has been developed for the quantification of Ramipril in FDT using buffer and acetonitrile: methanol (60:40 v/v) ratio in combination as mobile phase and at the flow rate of 1 ml/minute at λmax 210 nm. Chromatographic separation was performed on Shimadzu SPD-20A, SD-M10 AVP-Shimadzu, an ODS C-18 Kromacil (250 mm × 4.60 mm) column used as stationary phase. The quantitation of Ramipril done by HPLC, parameters studied were retention time, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and stability.Results: Linear regression analysis data show a good linear relationship between response and concentration in the range of 5-30 µg/ml; detection carried out at λmax210 nm; the linear regression equation for Ramipril was Y=10327x+72877; R²=0.998. The retention time of the Ramipril was 2.910 min. Percent recoveries obtained for Ramipril was 99.58-100.15%. LOD and LOQ value was 0.802µg/ml and 1.4µg/ml for Ramipril respectively.Conclusion: The result suggested that proposed method gives good peak resolution of Ramipril within short analysis time (<10 min) and high percentages of the recovery shown that method is free from interference of excipient present in the formulation. The % RSD of each parameter lies below the limit of 2%, proven the suitability. The statistical analysis proved that the proposed method is precise, accurate, selective and rapid for the HPLC estimation of Ramipril.Keywords: Fast dissolving tablet, Ramipril, Accuracy, HPLC, Linearit

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLET OF RAMIPRIL

Objective: The aim of this study was to prepare fast dissolving tablet of Ramipril by using Sodium starch glycolate, and Crospovidone as superdisintegrants to enhance the dissolution rate and the disintegration rate and evaluated for Pre and Post Compression parameter of the tablet.Methods: Fast dissolving tablet of Ramipril was prepared by direct compression technique. Fast dissolving tablet was evaluated for Pre compression parameter; bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, angle of repose and Carr's index and post compression parameter; weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time and dissolution time. The UV-spectrophotometric method has been used for the quantitation of drug release of Ramipril in the Fast dissolving tablet formulation.Results: Pre and post compression parameter were evaluated. Five different batches of tablets, F1 to F5 were prepared. Bulk density and tapped density was found in the range of 0.64-0.85 g/cm3 and 0.68-0.98 g/cm3 simultaneously. The hardness, friability, wetting time, the water absorption ratio, disintegration and dissolution time were found to be acceptable according to the standard limit and compare to all formulations F4 formulation was selected as the promising formulation. All batches of fast dissolving tablet were satisfactory in term of dissolution. The cumulative percentage of drug release of F4 formulation was 90.12% after 12 min compare to other formulation.Conclusion: The result suggested that the dissolution and disintegration of Ramipril have improved considerably in batch F4 formulation as compared to rest of the formulation. The dissolution rate and dissolution rate of Ramipril can be enhanced to a great extent by the direct compression technique with the addition of superdisintegrants

Study on Nielsen Fixed Point Theorem (A Review)

Fixed-point theory plays an important role in solving the existence and uniqueness of solutions of differential equation, in solving Eigen value Problems and Boundary Value problems. Fixed-point theory also contributes in characterization of the completeness of matric spaces. Due to its applications in various disciplines of mathematical sciences, the Banach contraction and fixed-point theorems have been established. The ideas have a much wider scope than might be suspected and can be applied to establish many other existence theorem in the theory of differential and integral equations. There arenumerous extension of Banach’s fixed point theorem by generalization its hypothesis while retaining the convergence property of successive iterations the unique fixed point of mapping.Inthepresent paper we discuss about fixed point and Nielsen fixed point theorems with some review Key words: fixed point, Nielsen fixed poin

Antepartum haemorrhage: a retrospective analysis in a tertiary care centre

Background: Aim of the present study was to found the incidence of APH, demographic profile risk factors and maternal outcome.Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MGM Medical College and associated M.Y., Hospital, Indore from August 2019 to July 2020.Results: The incidence of APH was 3.27%. 68.7% cases of APH were associated with pregnancy induced hypertension suggesting PIH is one of the major risk factors. Maternal morbidity was very high with increased rates cesarean section 91.7%, postpartum hemorrhage (32.6%), need of blood transfusion (86%). There were 2 mortalities and 3.1 % patients underwent Obstetric Hystrectomy and 24% required CCU admission.Conclusions: There is very high maternal morbidity and mortality in APH.

DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND EVALUATION OF NEW DERIVATIVE OF 1,2,4-TRIAZOLES FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

Objective: The object of the study is to design, synthesize and biological evaluation of isoniazid derived 1,2,4-triazoles compounds.Methods: Isoniazid based 1,2,4-triazoles derivatives have been synthesized by reaction of Isoniazid with carbon disulfide in basic medium (KOH) to form Potassium dithiocarbazinate salt and reaction with hydrazine hydrate converted into 4-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. These compounds were reacted with seven different benzaldehyde to form 4-[(substituted phenyl)-methylene]-amino-5-(pyridine-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiol (4). The final compounds were synthesized by reaction with four different acetanilide to form 4-[substituted phenyl)-methylene]-amino-3-(N-substitutedcarboxamidomethylthio)-5-(pyridine-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles derivatives. All these compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, [13]C-NMR and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the cup plate method. Acute anti-inflammatory activity determined by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.Results: Series PJ-A4, PJ-A7 and PJ-A13 showed more than 90% of the zone of inhibition against both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. The antifungal study suggested that among synthesized compounds series PJ-A4, A7, A9, A11 and A13 showed more than 90% of zone of inhibition, A2, A10 and A12 shows more than 80% of the zone of inhibition. Anti-inflammatory study data indicate that compounds PJ-A4, PJ-A8, PJ-A9 and PJ-A13 produced 70 to 76% of paw edema inhibition compare to standard drug Ibuprofen which showed 83.3% after 5 h. Conclusion: Results suggested that the isoniazid based 1,2,4-triazole derivatives have significant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity

Endoscopic Ultrasound for the Treatment of Gastric Variceal Bleeding in a Patient with Portal Cavernoma

"A 30-year-old lady was admitted with two weeks of fever and right upper quadrant pain. She had a background of non-malignant, non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) with cavernoma formation. There was no detected underlying pro-thrombotic condition. She had established portal hypertension with esophageal varices. Her portal cavernoma was complicated by portal biliopathy and concurrent gallstone disease - with an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and stenting four weeks prior to admission. Drug history included carvedilol for primary prophylaxis of bleeding, anticoagulation had not been undertaken due to collateralisation. Admission computerised tomography (CT) revealed multiple small liver abscesses with a patent biliary stent and no progression of PVT and she was treated conservatively with intravenous antibiotics."--Case summary and discussionAlexander Boyd (1, 2, 3), Brinder S Mahon (2), Neil Rajoriya (2, 3) ; 1. NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham. 2. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way. 3. University of BirminghamIncludes bibliographical reference

BIOCHEMICAL & ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS USED FOR FOOD BY TRIBAL OF EASTERN INDIA

Objective: The main objective of this research was to analyze some selected indigenous wild edible mushrooms in Eastern India for their novel antioxidant components and their properties specifically used by primitive tribal groups of Eastern India.Methods: The antioxidant components were analyzed by standardized spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant properties were analyzed by DPPH Free radical scavenging & Reducing power ability assay.Results: The TPC (phenolic content) in the studied edible mushroom varied from 4.55 mg/g (Russula nigricans) to 0.9 mg/g GAE (Lentinus tuberigium). Measured in term of antioxidants Termitomyces group ranked higher than Russula and Volvariella sp. The scavenging effect of studied mushrooms on 1,1 DPPH varied from 61% to as high as 94%. On the other hand, reducing power (RPA) in methanolic extracts were in the order of T. clypeatus (4.21) T. heimi (2.20) ~R. breviceps (1.73) ~ Termitomyces eurrhizus (1.11) ~ T. rufum (1.07). Antioxidant potential inedible wild mushrooms are found to be on account of combinations of biochemicals, rather than any such significant individual components as TPC, AA, or alkaloid. Conclusion: This is for the first time wild edibles such as Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces eurrhizus, Termitomyces heimii, Russula brevipes, Tuber rufum, Russula nigricans, Volvariella volvaceae, Lentinus fusipes, Lentinus tuberigium and R. lepida from eastern India were observed, collected and subjected to nutritional and biochemical analysis. Of significance is the identification of Tuber rufum and Volvariella volvaceae growing wild as edible mushrooms which have not been profiled in the Indian context. The analysed mushroom especially Lentinus fusipes and Lentinus tuberigium was found valuable in terms of iron and calcium, besides having useful phytochemicals such as phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids. Keywords: Deciduous forests, Orissa, Wild food, Phenolics, Ergosterol, Termitomyce

A comparative study of antenatal and fetal complications in pregnant women with and without history of polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome in the present generation is a very common reproductive disorder and the prevalence is on the rise. Aim of the current study was to compare the maternal outcome in normal and women with PCOS.Methods: This study was a case-control study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College and attached group of hospitals, Jaipur from May 2019 to August 2020. Pregnant women with history of PCOS were taken as cases and with no such history were controls.Results: 9.49% women developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in cases as compared to 1.61% women in control group. The difference in the incidence of GDM in the two groups was statistically significant. When hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were considered, a statistically significant difference was observed as 11.2% cases and 2.42% controls showed HDP. Mean birth weight of neonate in cases was 2.43±0.31 kg and in control group was 2.71±0.29 kg. Mean APGAR score at 1 minute in cases was 6.21±1.23 and in controls was 7.21±0.24. APGAR score at 5 minutes in PCOS group was 7.89±1.40 and in control group was 8.12±0.21. 12 neonates from the cases group were admitted in NICU. The difference was statistically significant when comparedConclusions: With a detailed comparative analysis of this case-control study, it can be concluded that many antenatal and fetal complications are per se increased in women with a history of PCOS