Violation of Porod law in a freely cooling granular gas in one dimension

We study a model of freely cooling inelastic granular gas in one dimension, with a restitution coefficient which approaches the elastic limit below a relative velocity scale v. While at early times (t << 1/v) the gas behaves as a completely inelastic sticky gas conforming to predictions of earlier studies, at late times (t >> 1/v) it exhibits a new fluctuation dominated phase ordering state. We find distinct scaling behavior for the (i) density distribution function, (ii) occupied and empty gap distribution functions, (iii) the density structure function and (iv) the velocity structure function, as compared to the completely inelastic sticky gas. The spatial structure functions (iii) and (iv) violate the Porod law. Within a mean-field approximation, the exponents describing the structure functions are related to those describing the spatial gap distribution functions.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Coarse grained dynamics of the freely cooling granular gas in one dimension

We study the dynamics and structure of clusters in the inhomogeneous clustered regime of a freely cooling granular gas of point particles in one dimension. The coefficient of restitution is modeled as $r_0<1$ or 1 depending on whether the relative speed is greater or smaller than a velocity scale $\delta$. The effective fragmentation rate of a cluster is shown to rise sharply beyond a $\delta$ dependent time scale. This crossover is coincident with the velocity fluctuations within a cluster becoming order $\delta$. Beyond this crossover time, the cluster size distribution develops a nontrivial power law distribution, whose scaling properties are related to those of the velocity fluctuations. We argue that these underlying features are responsible behind the recently observed nontrivial coarsening behaviour in the one dimensional freely cooling granular gas.Comment: 7 Pages, 9 Figure

A multicomponent secondary school health promotion intervention and adolescent health: An extension of the SEHER cluster randomised controlled trial in Bihar, India.

BACKGROUND: Strengthening Evidence base on scHool-based intErventions for pRomoting adolescent health (SEHER) is a multicomponent, whole-school health promotion intervention delivered by a lay counsellor or a teacher in government-run secondary schools in Bihar, India. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the intervention after two years of follow-up and to evaluate the consistency of the findings observed over time. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cluster randomised trial in which 75 schools were randomised (1:1:1) to receive the SEHER intervention delivered by a lay counsellor (SEHER Mitra [SM]) or a teacher (Teacher as SEHER Mitra [TSM]), respectively, alongside a standardised, classroom-based life skills Adolescence Education Program (AEP), compared to AEP alone (control group). The trial design was a repeat cross-sectional study. Students enrolled in grade 9 (aged 13-15 years) in the 2015-2016 academic year were exposed to the intervention for two years and the outcome assessment was conducted at three time points─at baseline in June 2015; 8-months follow-up in March 2016, when the students were still in grade 9; and endpoint at 17-months follow-up in December 2016 (when the students were in grade 10), the results of which are presented in this paper. The primary outcome, school climate, was measured with the Beyond Blue School Climate Questionnaire (BBSCQ). Intervention effects were estimated using mixed-effects linear or logistic regression, including a random effect to adjust for within-school clustering, minimisation variables, baseline cluster-level score of the outcome, and sociodemographic characteristics. In total, 15,232 students participated in the 17-month survey. Compared with the control group, the participants in the SM intervention group reported improvements in school climate (adjusted mean difference [aMD] = 7.33; 95% CI: 6.60-8.06; p < 0.001) and most secondary outcomes (depression: aMD = -4.64; 95% CI: -5.83-3.45; p < 0.001; attitude towards gender equity: aMD = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.65-1.40; p < 0.001; frequency of bullying: aMD = -2.77; 95% CI: -3.40 to -2.14; p < 0.001; violence victimisation: odds ratio [OR] = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04-0.14; p < 0.001; and violence perpetration: OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.09-0.29; p < 0.001). There was no evidence of an intervention effect in the TSM group compared with control group. The effects of the lay counsellor-delivered intervention were larger for most outcomes at 17-months follow-up compared with those at 8 months: school climate (effect size [ES; 95% CI] = 2.23 [1.97-2.50] versus 1.88 [1.44-2.32], p < 0.001); depression (ES [95% CI] = -1.19 [-1.56 to -0.82] versus -0.27 [-0.44 to -0.11], p < 0.001); attitude towards gender equity (ES [95% CI] = 0.53 [0.27-0.79] versus 0.23 [0.10-0.36], p < 0.001); bullying (ES [95% CI] = -2.22 [-2.84 to -1.60] versus -0.47 [-0.61 to -0.33], p < 0.001); violence victimisation (OR [95% CI] = 0.08 [0.04-0.14] versus 0.62 [0.46-0.84], p < 0.001); and violence perpetration (OR [95% CI] = 0.16 [0.09-0.29] versus 0.68 [0.48-0.96], p < 0.001), suggesting incremental benefits with an extended intervention. A limitation of the study is that 27% of baseline participants did not complete the 17-month outcome assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The trial showed that the second-year outcomes were similar to the first-year outcomes, with no effect of the teacher-led intervention and larger benefits on school climate and adolescent health accruing from extending lay counsellor-delivered intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02907125

The analog of cGAMP, c-di-AMP, activates STING mediated cell death pathway in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells

Immune adaptor protein like STING/MITA regulate innate immune response and plays a critical role in inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and regulation of metastasis including breast cancer. Chromosomal instability in highly metastatic cells releases fragmented chromosomal parts in the cytoplasm, hence the activation of STING via an increased level of cyclic dinucleotides (cDNs) synthesized by cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Cyclic dinucleotides 2’ 3’-cGAMP and it's analog can potentially activate STING mediated pathways leading to nuclear translocation of p65 and IRF-3 and transcription of inflammatory genes. The differential modulation of STING pathway via 2’ 3’-cGAMP and its analog and its implication in breast tumorigenesis is still not well explored. In the current study, we demonstrated that c-di-AMP can activate type-1 IFN response in ER negative breast cancer cell lines which correlate with STING expression. c-di-AMP binds to STING and activates downstream IFN pathways in STING positive metastatic MDA-MB-231/MX-1 cells. Prolonged treatment of c-di-AMP induces cell death in STING positive metastatic MDA-MB-231/MX-1 cells mediated by IRF-3. c-di-AMP induces IRF-3 translocation to mitochondria and initiates Caspase-9 mediated cell death and inhibits clonogenicity of triple-negative breast cancer cells. This study suggests that c-di-AMP can activate and modulates STING pathway to induce mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells

LAN Monitoring Using Android Phone

ABSTRACT: Now a day&apos;s android phones are used for the various applications. We can use android phone for monitor and control the network. It is to control the network when network admin is in admin office but it is difficult to control the network from outside the office. It is integrated software solution that allows a network admin to remotely monitor his LAN network by his Android phone with GUI. The main purpose of this application is to provide all the important details of the network to the admin on their android phone with the help of GPRS or Wi-Fi. We are using data connectivity or Wi-Fi to connect the mobile phone to LAN server. And we also are using password encryption for authentication in phone

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME SEBAGAI DASAR PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PERJANJIAN EXTRADISI DI KAWASAN ASEAN

Berkembangnya kualitas dan kuantitas kejahatan yang melibatkan lintas batas suatu Negara mengakibatkan setiap Negara memiliki yurisdiksi yang kuat untuk menindak dan menghukum pelaku tindak pidana. Kemampuan Negara-negara anggota AS untuk mengekstradisi buronan kejahatan mengharuskan memiliki keterikatan Negara untuk membentuk perjanjian ekstradisi yang didasari oleh kepentingan bersama dengan mempertimbangkan kelayakan dan pengembangan perjanjian multilateral dan bilateral dalam mempermudah proses ekstradisi termasuk perjanjian dibidang yudisia

PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES APPLICATIONS OF LIPOSOMES IN MEDICINE-A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Liposomes are structurally and functionally some of the most versatile supramolecular assemblies in existence. Since the beginning of active research on lipid vesicles in 1965, the field has progressed enormously and applications are well established in several areas, such as drug and gene delivery. The medical application of liposomes loaded with small molecular weight drugs is discussed and the use of sterically stabilized liposomes containing doxorubicin in cancer therapy is presented. The review also shows that liposomes have a lot of biomedical applications and uses. They have been used in drug targeting, oral delivery of vaccines, insulins, peptides and some compounds, which are usually degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. It has also found application in topical therapy especially in the eye and lungs. Other areas of application are in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infection. The control of the stability of liposomes is an essential prerequisite for effective use as drug carriers. Liposome immunoassays, for example, benefit greatly from the amplification provided by encapsulated markers, and nanotube-interconnected liposome networks have emerged as ultra small-scale analytical devices. This review provides information about new developments in some of the most actively researched liposome-related topics

Promoting school climate and health outcomes with the SEHER multi-component secondary school intervention in Bihar, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: School environments affect health and academic outcomes. With increasing secondary school retention in low-income and middle-income countries, promoting quality school social environments could offer a scalable opportunity to improve adolescent health and wellbeing. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of a multi-component whole-school health promotion intervention (SEHER) with integrated economic and process evaluations in grade 9 students (aged 13-14 years) at government-run secondary schools in the Nalanda district of Bihar state, India. Schools were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to three groups: the SEHER intervention delivered by a lay counsellor (the SEHER Mitra [SM] group), the SEHER intervention delivered by a teacher (teacher as SEHER Mitra [TSM] group), and a control group in which only the standard government-run classroom-based life-skills Adolescence Education Program was implemented. The primary outcome was school climate measured with the Beyond Blue School Climate Questionnaire (BBSCQ). Students were assessed at the start of the academic year (June, 2015) and again 8 months later at the end of the academic year (March, 2016) via self-completed questionnaires. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02484014. FINDINGS: Of the 112 eligible schools in the Nalanda district, 75 were randomly selected to participate in the trial. We randomly assigned 25 schools to each of the three groups. One school subsequently dropped out of the TSM group, leaving 24 schools in this group. The baseline survey included a total of 13 035 participants, and the endpoint survey included 14 414 participants. Participants in the SM-delivered intervention schools had substantially higher school climate scores at endpoint survey than those in the control group (BBSCQ baseline-adjusted mean difference [aMD] 7·57 [95% CI 6·11-9·03]; effect size 1·88 [95% CI 1·44-2·32], p<0·0001) and the TSM-delivered intervention (aMD 7·57 [95% CI 6·06-9·08]; effect size 1·88 [95% CI 1·43-2·34], p<0·0001). There was no effect of the TSM-delivered intervention compared with control (aMD -0·009 [95% CI -1·53 to 1·51], effect size 0·00 [95% CI -0·45 to 0·44], p=0·99). Compared with the control group, participants in the SM-delivered intervention schools had moderate to large improvements in the secondary outcomes of depression (aMD -1·23 [95% CI -1·89 to -0·57]), bullying (aMD -0·91 [95% CI -1·15 to -0·66]), violence victimisation (odds ratio [OR] 0·62 [95% CI 0·46-0·84]), violence perpetration (OR 0·68 [95% CI 0·48-0·96]), attitude towards gender equity (aMD 0·41 [95% CI 0·21-0·61]), and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health (aMD 0·29 [95% CI 0·06-0·53]). Similar results for these secondary outcomes were noted for the comparison between SM-delivered intervention schools and TSM-delivered intervention schools (depression: aMD -1·23 [95% CI -1·91 to -0·55]; bullying: aMD -0·83 [95% CI -1·08 to -0·57]; violence victimisation: OR 0·49 [95% CI 0·35-0·67]; violence perpetration: OR 0·49 [95% CI 0·34-0·71]; attitude towards gender equity: aMD 0·23 [95% CI 0·02-0·44]; and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health: aMD 0·22 [95% CI -0·02 to 0·47]). However, no effects on these secondary outcomes were observed for the TSM-delivered intervention schools compared with the control group (depression: aMD -0·03 [95% CI -0·70 to 0·65]; bullying: aMD -0·08 [95% CI -0·34 to 0·18]; violence victimisation: OR 1·27 [95% CI 0·93-1·73]; violence perpetration: OR 1·37 [95% CI 0·95-1·95]; attitude towards gender equity: aMD 0·17 [95% CI -0·09 to 0·38]; and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health: aMD 0·06 [95% CI -0·18 to 0·32]). INTERPRETATION: The multi-component whole-school SEHER health promotion intervention had substantial beneficial effects on school climate and health-related outcomes when delivered by lay counsellors, but no effects when delivered by teachers. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the scaling up of the SEHER intervention in diverse contexts and delivery agents. FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, USA and the United Nations Population Fund India Office

TNF-α differentially modulates subunit levels of respiratory electron transport complexes of ER/PR +ve/−ve breast cancer cells to regulate mitochondrial complex activity and tumorigenic potential

Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an immunostimulatory cytokine that is consistently high in the breast tumor microenvironment (TME); however, its differential role in mitochondrial functions and cell survival in ER/PR +ve and ER/PR −ve breast cancer cells is not well understood. Methods In the current study, we investigated TNF-α modulated mitochondrial proteome using high-resolution mass spectrometry and identified the differentially expressed proteins in two different breast cancer cell lines, ER/PR positive cell line; luminal, MCF-7 and ER/PR negative cell line; basal-like, MDA-MB-231 and explored its implication in regulating the tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells. We also compared the activity of mitochondrial complexes, ATP, and ROS levels between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 in the presence of TNF-α. We used Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) webserver to analyze the correlation between TNF-α and mitochondrial proteins in basal and luminal breast cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the correlation between mitochondrial protein expression and survival of breast cancer patients. Results The proteome analysis revealed that TNF-α differentially altered the level of critical proteins of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes both in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, which correlated with differential assembly and activity of mitochondrial ETC complexes. The inhibition of the glycolytic pathway in the presence of TNF-α showed that glycolysis is indispensable for the proliferation and clonogenic ability of MDA-MB-231 cells (ER/PR −ve) as compared to MCF-7 cells (ER/PR +ve). The TIMER database showed a negative correlation between the expressions of TNF-α and key regulators of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes in basal breast vs lobular carcinoma. Conversely, patient survival analysis showed an improved relapse-free survival with increased expression of identified proteins of ETC complexes and survival of the breast cancer patients. Conclusion The evidence presented in our study convincingly demonstrates that TNF-α regulates the survival and proliferation of aggressive tumor cells by modulating the levels of critical assembly factors and subunits involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes organization and function. This favors the rewiring of mitochondrial metabolism towards anaplerosis to support the survival and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Collectively, the results strongly suggest that TNF-α differentially regulates metabolic adaptation in ER/PR +ve (MCF-7) and ER/PR −ve (MDA-MB-231) cells by modulating the mitochondrial supercomplex assembly and activity.This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, grant number INT/Korea/P-39 to Prof. Rajesh Singh. Global Infrastructure Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017K1A3A1A19071651 to ECY) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIP) (NRF-2016R1A5A1010764 and NRF-2015M3A9B6073835 to ECY) to Prof. Eugene C. Yi