The Role of School Management Towards Staff Motivation for Effective Performance in Nepal: During the Covid-19

This study attempts to investigates the role of motivation on academic staffs of private school in Nepal. To analyze the staff motivation, a descriptive cum exploratory research design along with structured questionnaire has been administered for data collection. Out of total 291 private school in Lalitpur metropolitan city 20 schools were selected for this study, purposive sampling method is used as per the convenient of the researchers. The result of the study clearly depict that the role of school management towards staff motivation for effective performance is found to be inferior in practice. Therefore, the study concludes that, to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 during and after the crisis, the ground reality of staff’s motivation must be taken into consideration. The present research recommended that there is a substantial room for motivation in private school, Nepal because role on motivation in school is far from satisfactory. Thus to improve the situation congenial climate should be provided and encouragement should be taken

Estimation of heterosis for yield and quality components in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Ten genotypes including five lines (Kashi Anmol, Pant C-1, Japani Longi, Kashi Sinduri and Pusa Jwala) and five testers (R-Line, VR-339, AKC-89/38, DC-16 and Punjab Lal) of chilli were crossed to derive 25 F1 hybrids. The 35 genotypes (10 parents and 25 F1 hybrids) were evaluated for yield and quality (capsaicin and oleoresin) traits. Highly significant correlation was observed between fruit yield per plant and average fruit weight (g). The direct and indirect effect on yield revealed that the maximum direct effect was exhibited by average fruit weight followed by number of fruits per plant via yield per plant. The crosses Pusa Jwala × VR-339, Pusa Jwala × DC-16 and Pant C-1 × VR-339 exhibited higher level of heterobeltiosis for most of the traits. The higher specific combing ability (SCA) for yield was obtained in crosses Kashi Sinduri × Punjab Lal followed by Pant C-1 × VR-339 and Pusa Jwala × VR-339. Among the hybrids, Pusa Jwala × VR-339 had higher yield as well as capsaicin content, moreover, Kashi Sinduri × AKC-89/38 exhibited highest oleoresin content. These best hybrids (Pusa Jwala × VR-339, Kashi Sinduri × Punjab Lal and Pant C-1 × VR-339) might be utilized for further chilli improvement programme.Key words: Chilli, heterosis, correlation, combining ability, capsaicin, oleoresin

Consciousness Driven Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), recognized for their biological plausibility and energy efficiency, employ sparse and asynchronous spikes for communication. However, the training of SNNs encounters difficulties coming from non-differentiable activation functions and the movement of spike-based inter-layer data. Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), inspired by neurobiology, plays a crucial role in SNN's learning, but its still lacks the conscious part of the brain used for learning. Considering the issue, this research work proposes a Consciousness Driven STDP (CD-STDP), an improved solution addressing inherent limitations observed in conventional STDP models. CD-STDP, designed to infuse the conscious part as coefficients of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), exhibit a dynamic nature. The model connects LTP and LTD coefficients to current and past state of synaptic activities, respectively, enhancing consciousness and adaptability. This consciousness empowers the model to effectively learn while understanding the input patterns. The conscious coefficient adjustment in response to current and past synaptic activity extends the model's conscious and other cognitive capabilities, offering a refined and efficient approach for real-world applications. Evaluations on MNIST, FashionMNIST and CALTECH datasets showcase $CD$-STDP's remarkable accuracy of 98.6%, 85.61% and 99.0%, respectively, in a single hidden layer SNN. In addition, analysis of conscious elements and consciousness of the proposed model on SNN is performed.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, Journa

Clinical study of primary caesarean section among multigravida in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Primary caesarean section in multigravida refers to first time caesarean section in multiparous women who have had previous one or more vaginal delivery. The study focused on the frequency, indication, intra operative and postoperative complications, maternal and fetal outcome of primary caesarean section in multiparous women with previous vaginal deliveries. Methods: It was a prospective study of all the cases of primary caesarean section in multigravida admitted at LLRM Medical College Meerut, Uttar Pradesh over period of 1 year from January 2021 to December 2021. Results: Total number of deliveries during the study period of 1 year was 5670 and total no of caesarean section was 2432 with a caesarean rate of 42.89%. Out of 2432 caesarean section 488 (20.10%) were done  in primigravida and 253 (10.40%) in multigravida. In present study most common indication for caesarean section was malpresentation 68 (26.86%) followed by severe oligohydramnios in 47 (18.57%). Most common maternal complication was pyrexia in 24 (9.48%). Most common morbidity were due to preterm 65 (22.13%) neonates followed by RDS in 22 (8.69%) neonates. Conclusions: Though responsible for least number of overall caesarean section, multiparous subjects undergoing primary caesarean section is high risk pregnancy with possibility of adverse obstetric outcome in significant number of subjects and hence multiparous women deserve the same attention during pregnancy and labour as primigravida and women with repeat caesarean section

Development of New Screening Methods for SARS CoV 2 and its Associated Developing Variations

As new and changing SARS-CoV-2 variants are discovered, there is an increasing demand for more adaptable diagnostic tools capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. The wide range of symptoms experienced by infected individuals and unexpected variants make it more challenging than ever to create quick and accurate diagnostic tools. Pharmaceutical treatments and vaccinations are continually designed to strengthen the immune function and successfully combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variations. The discovery of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations and variants, along with the advancement of diagnostic methods that make it possible to identify them, have brought up a number of urgent issues that are covered in this review from a completely fresh perspective. Additionally, we go over the creation, composition, operating principles, benefits, and downsides of some of the most popular vaccinations and therapeutic medications, as well as the ensuing immunological influence