Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov., a valid name for “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum” (Basidiomycota, Polyporales)

Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov. es propuesto para la especie “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum” C.E. Gómez que fuera inválidamente publicada previamente.Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov. is proposed for the species previously invalidly named as “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum” C.E. Gómez.Fil: Baltazar, Juliano M.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Assessing fungal endophyte diversity: a comparative study of three automated metabarcoding pipelines

High-throughput sequencing approaches have become frequent in the study of endophyte communities allowing the cumulative description of fungal diversity in the last decade. However, they brought new challenges to researchers in terms of programming and developing of informatics tools. Currently, there is no consensus concerning the appropriate bioinformatics to process such sequence data. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three pipelines of two cost-free toolkits designed to be friendly to non-programmer users, and specifically developed for fungal data: AMPtk and PIPITS. The sapwood-inhabiting fungal assemblages of two Nothofagus species from the Patagonian Forests were assessed through metabarcoding of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and compared with an extant sequence dataset obtained from culture prospection in the same study sites and trees. The AMPtk toolkit has performed better concerning community description in terms of precision of taxa clustering, mainly due to the DADA2 algorithm; PIPITS evidenced a higher sensitivity in detecting taxa known to be present, hence it is potentially useful for future specific taxa detection surveys. Because of a current lack of information of the reference databases, both bioinformatic toolkits performed poorly as to taxonomy assignment. It is imperative to continue studying these ecosystems to, concomitantly, improve databases and the explanatory potential of the new technologies.La utilización de la secuenciación de alto rendimiento se ha vuelto frecuente en el estudio de comunidades endófitas. Estas tecnologías han permitido la descripción acumulativa de diversidad fúngica a lo largo de la última década. No obstante, también han implicado nuevos desafíos para los investigadores de las áreas involucradas en términos de la necesidad de contar con herramientas de programación y habilidades desarrolladoras. Hoy en día no existe un consenso sobre las herramientas bioinformáticas más adecuadas para procesar los datos crudos de secuencias que estas tecnologías arrojan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el rendimiento de tres flujos de trabajo realizados en dos plataformas gratuitas diseñadas para ser amigables con usuarios que no son programadores y desarrolladas específicamente para estudios de hongos: AMPtk y PIPITS. Evaluamos los ensambles de hongos que habitan en la albura de dos especies de Nothofagus de los bosques patagónicos y comparamos el conjunto de datos de metabarcoding del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) con un conjunto de datos de secuencias existente, obtenido de la prospección de cultivos de los mismos árboles y sitios de estudio. La plataforma AMPtk se desempeñó mejor con respecto a la descripción de la comunidad, en términos de precisión del agrupamiento de taxones, principalmente debido al algoritmo DADA2. El flujo de trabajo PIPITS evidenció una mayor sensibilidad en la detección de taxones conocidos presentes, por lo que es potencialmente útil para futuros estudios que persigan la detección de taxones específicos. Debido a la falta de información que exhiben las bases de datos de referencia sobre el ecosistema en estudio, ambas plataformas tuvieron un desempeño deficiente en cuanto a la asignación de taxonomías. Es imperativo seguir estudiando estos ecosistemas y mejorar las bases de datos para aumentar el potencial explicativo de las nuevas tecnologías.Fil: Molina, Lucia. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Aime, M. Catherine. Purdue University; Estados UnidosFil: Pildain, María Belén. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov., un nombre válido para “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum

Baltazar, Juliano M.; Mario Rajchenberg. 2014. «Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov., un nombre válido para “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum” (Basidiomycota, Polyporales)». Lilloa 51 (1). Hyphoderma romeroae sp. nov. es propuesto para la especie “Mutatoderma brunneocontextum” C.E. Gómez que fuera inválidamente publicada previament

Mycorrhizal inoculation of Pinus ponderosa in Patagonia, Argentina: rootlets colonization, morphotypes descriptions and seedling growth in nursery

La selección de especies ectomicorrícicas para inocular plántulas de pináceas exóticas es un paso necesario para asegurar elestablecimiento, supervivencia y crecimiento en las forestaciones. La utilización de esporas como fuente de inóculo ha sido probadacomo eficiente, accesible y de bajo costo. En este trabajo se desarrollaron los siguientes objetivos: a) evaluar la efectividad de lainoculación con esporas de las especies Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus luteus, Hebeloma mesophaeum y Tricholoma muricatum enla micorrización de plántulas de Pinus ponderosa, b) determinar el efecto de la micorrización sobre la morfometría de las plantas almomento de llevarlas a plantación y c) describir los morfotipos micorrícicos de cada asociación particular. Se verificó el éxito de lamicorrización con esporas de S. luteus, R. roseolus y H. mesophaeum, las dos primeras con los valores más altos de colonización,validando esta técnica de inoculación como exitosa para estas especies. La inoculación con T. muricatum no resultó exitosa, debiéndosedescartar esta especie como posible fuente de inóculo. La morfología de los morfotipos desarrollados por S. luteus y R. roseolus fueconstante, aunque con amplias variaciones en H. mesophaeum. Los valores morfométricos de las plantas no difirieron con las deltestigo, corroborándose resultados de otras partes del mundo.Selection of ectomycorrhizal species to inoculate seedlings of exotic Pinaceae is a necessary step to ensure establishment, survival and growth in the forests. The use of spores as inoculum source has proven to be efficient, accessible and low-cost. In this paper we pursued the following objectives: a) to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculation with spores of Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus luteus Hebeloma mesophaeum and Tricholoma muricatum on Pinus ponderosa seedlings, b) to determine the effect of mycorrhization on the morphometry of seedlings at planting time and c) to describe the mycorrhizal morphotypes of each individual association. We verified the success of mycorrhization with spores of S. luteus, R. roseolus and H. mesophaeum; the first two present the highest values of colonization, thus validating this technique of inoculation as successful for these species. Inoculation with T. muricatum was not successful, which excludes this species as a possible source of inoculum. The morphology of morphotypes developed by S. luteus and R. roseolus was constant, though very variable in H. mesophaeum. Morphometric parameters of inoculated seedlings did not differ from those of non-inoculated control, corroborating results from other parts of the world.Fil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Bassani, Vilma M.. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Mycorrhizal inoculation of Pinus ponderosa in Patagonia, Argentina: rootlets colonization, morphotypes descriptions and seedling growth in nursery

La selección de especies ectomicorrícicas para inocular plántulas de pináceas exóticas es un paso necesario para asegurar elestablecimiento, supervivencia y crecimiento en las forestaciones. La utilización de esporas como fuente de inóculo ha sido probadacomo eficiente, accesible y de bajo costo. En este trabajo se desarrollaron los siguientes objetivos: a) evaluar la efectividad de lainoculación con esporas de las especies Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus luteus, Hebeloma mesophaeum y Tricholoma muricatum enla micorrización de plántulas de Pinus ponderosa, b) determinar el efecto de la micorrización sobre la morfometría de las plantas almomento de llevarlas a plantación y c) describir los morfotipos micorrícicos de cada asociación particular. Se verificó el éxito de lamicorrización con esporas de S. luteus, R. roseolus y H. mesophaeum, las dos primeras con los valores más altos de colonización,validando esta técnica de inoculación como exitosa para estas especies. La inoculación con T. muricatum no resultó exitosa, debiéndosedescartar esta especie como posible fuente de inóculo. La morfología de los morfotipos desarrollados por S. luteus y R. roseolus fueconstante, aunque con amplias variaciones en H. mesophaeum. Los valores morfométricos de las plantas no difirieron con las deltestigo, corroborándose resultados de otras partes del mundo.Selection of ectomycorrhizal species to inoculate seedlings of exotic Pinaceae is a necessary step to ensure establishment, survival and growth in the forests. The use of spores as inoculum source has proven to be efficient, accessible and low-cost. In this paper we pursued the following objectives: a) to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculation with spores of Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus luteus Hebeloma mesophaeum and Tricholoma muricatum on Pinus ponderosa seedlings, b) to determine the effect of mycorrhization on the morphometry of seedlings at planting time and c) to describe the mycorrhizal morphotypes of each individual association. We verified the success of mycorrhization with spores of S. luteus, R. roseolus and H. mesophaeum; the first two present the highest values of colonization, thus validating this technique of inoculation as successful for these species. Inoculation with T. muricatum was not successful, which excludes this species as a possible source of inoculum. The morphology of morphotypes developed by S. luteus and R. roseolus was constant, though very variable in H. mesophaeum. Morphometric parameters of inoculated seedlings did not differ from those of non-inoculated control, corroborating results from other parts of the world.Fil: Barroetaveña, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Bassani, Vilma M.. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The de novo production of halogenated hydroquinone metabolites by the Andean-Patagonian white-rot fungus Phylloporia boldo

The production of halogenated hydroquinone metabolites such as drosophilin A, drosophilin A methyl ether and chloroneb was investigated in the Andean-Patagonian fungus Phylloporia boldo. These chlorinated compounds were detected in both fruiting bodies and living cultures. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) quantification of these molecules was performed in liquid media giving similar values in comparison to previous reports. We observed the concentration of drosophilin A, drosophilin A methyl ether and chloroneb increased in liquid culture supplemented with KCl. Furthermore, chlorinated hydroquinone compounds were not detected using liquid media supplemented with KBr. Instead, brominated aromatic molecules were observed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We consider these results are relevant for the use of these halogenating microorganisms in biotransformation processes.Fil: Riquelme, C.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Candia, B.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Ruiz, D.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Herrera, M.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Becerra, J.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Pérez, C.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Provincia del Chubut. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Cabrera Pardo, J.R.. University of Utah; Estados Unidos. Universidad del Bio Bio; Chil

Evidence of low levels of genetic diversity for the Phytophthora austrocedrae population in Patagonia, Argentina

Phytophthora austrocedrae is a recently discovered pathogen that causes severe mortality of Austrocedrus chilensis in Patagonia. The high level of susceptibility of the host tree, together with the distribution pattern of the pathogen, have led to the hypothesis that P. austrocedrae was introduced into Argentina. The aim of this study was to assess the population structure of P. austrocedrae isolates from Argentina in order to gain an understanding of the origin and spread of the pathogen. Genetic diversity was determined based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). In total, 48 isolates of P. austrocedrae were obtained from infected A. chilensis trees, representing the geographical range of the host. Four primer combinations were used for the AFLP analysis. Of the 332 scored bands, 12% were polymorphic. Gene diversity (h) ranged from 0 01 to 0 03; the Shannon index (I) ranged from 0 01 to 0 04. A high degree of genetic similarity was observed among the isolates (pairwise S values = 0 958–1; 0 993 0 009, mean SD). A frequency histogram showed that most of the isolate pairs were identical. Principal coordinate analysis using three-dimensional plots did not group any of the isolates based on their geographical origin. The low genetic diversity (within and between sites) and absence of population structure linked to geographic origin, together with the aggressiveness of the pathogen and the disease progression pattern, suggest that P. austrocedrae might have been introduced into Argentina.The Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP) and the NRF/DST Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-30592015-02-27hb201

Diversity and evolution of entomocorticium (Russulales, peniophoraceae), a genus of bark beetle mutualists derived from free-living, wood rotting peniophora

Symbiosis between insects and fungi arose multiple times during the evolution of both groups, and some of the most biologically diverse and economically important are mutualisms in which the insects cultivate and feed on fungi. Among these are bark beetles, whose ascomycetous cultivars are better known and studied than their frequently-overlooked and poorly understood basidiomycetous partners. In this study, we propose five new species of Entomocorticium, fungal mutualists in the Russulales (Basidiomycota) that are mutualistic symbionts of scolytine beetles. We have isolated these fungi from the beetle mycangia, which are structures adapted for the selective storage and transportation of fungal mutualists. Herein, we present the most complete phylogeny of the closely related genera Entomocorticium and Peniophora and provide insights into how an insect-associated taxon (Entomocorticium) evolved from within a wood-decaying, wind-dispersed lineage (Peniophora). Our results indicate that following a transition from angiosperms to gymnosperms, fungal domestication by beetles facilitated the evolution and diversification of Entomocorticium. We additionally propose four new species: Entomocorticium fibulatum Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; E. belizense Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; E. perryae Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; and E. macrovesiculatum Araújo, Li, Six & Hulcr, sp. nov. Our findings highlight the fact that insect-fungi associations remain an understudied field and that these associations harbor a large reservoir of novel fungal species.Fil: Araújo, João P. M.. University of Florida; Estados Unidos. New York Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Li, You. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Six, Diana. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Smith, Matthew E.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Johnson, Andrew J.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Klepzig, Kier D.. University of Georgia; Estados UnidosFil: Crous, Pedro W.. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Países BajosFil: Leal Dutra, Caio A.. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: Skelton, James. The College of William and Mary; Estados UnidosFil: Adams, Sawyer N.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Hulcr, Jiri. University of Florida; Estados Unido

Diversity and evolution of entomocorticium (Russulales, peniophoraceae), a genus of bark beetle mutualists derived from free-living, wood rotting peniophora

Symbiosis between insects and fungi arose multiple times during the evolution of both groups, and some of the most biologically diverse and economically important are mutualisms in which the insects cultivate and feed on fungi. Among these are bark beetles, whose ascomycetous cultivars are better known and studied than their frequently-overlooked and poorly understood basidiomycetous partners. In this study, we propose five new species of Entomocorticium, fungal mutualists in the Russulales (Basidiomycota) that are mutualistic symbionts of scolytine beetles. We have isolated these fungi from the beetle mycangia, which are structures adapted for the selective storage and transportation of fungal mutualists. Herein, we present the most complete phylogeny of the closely related genera Entomocorticium and Peniophora and provide insights into how an insect-associated taxon (Entomocorticium) evolved from within a wood-decaying, wind-dispersed lineage (Peniophora). Our results indicate that following a transition from angiosperms to gymnosperms, fungal domestication by beetles facilitated the evolution and diversification of Entomocorticium. We additionally propose four new species: Entomocorticium fibulatum Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; E. belizense Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; E. perryae Araújo, Li & Hulcr, sp. nov.; and E. macrovesiculatum Araújo, Li, Six & Hulcr, sp. nov. Our findings highlight the fact that insect-fungi associations remain an understudied field and that these associations harbor a large reservoir of novel fungal species.Fil: Araújo, João P. M.. University of Florida; Estados Unidos. New York Botanical Garden; Estados UnidosFil: Li, You. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Six, Diana. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Rajchenberg, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Smith, Matthew E.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Johnson, Andrew J.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Klepzig, Kier D.. University of Georgia; Estados UnidosFil: Crous, Pedro W.. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Países BajosFil: Leal Dutra, Caio A.. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: Skelton, James. The College of William and Mary; Estados UnidosFil: Adams, Sawyer N.. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Hulcr, Jiri. University of Florida; Estados Unido

Huntiella decorticans sp nov (Ceratocystidaceae) associated with dying Nothofagus in Patagonia

During a survey of ophiostomatoid fungi in native forests of southern Argentina, several isolates of Huntiella species were obtained from Nothofagus trees. Sequences of multiple gene regions were used to identify these fungi, and their pathogenicity was tested on N. pumilio and N. dombeyi. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a novel taxon described here as H. decorticans sp. nov. Inoculations on N. dombeyi and N. pumilio in the forest showed that H. decorticans is able to produce localized lesions on healthy Nothofagus trees.The National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), through grant PIP 80101000 (to MR), the Argentinean-South African bilateral Science and Technology Research Cooperation program SA10/02 financially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologıa (MINCyT, Argentina), the National Research Foundation (NRF, project UID75947) and the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP) at the University of Pretoria.http://www.mycologia.orgam201