The combined effect of inorganic salt and ionic liquid in pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification of rice straw

The pretreatment method is one of the challenging steps in the production of biofuel through the biorefinery process that unlocks the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic biomass. Ionic liquid pretreatment gained attention for being highly effective to improve the enzymatic saccharification of the biomass, however its high cost hinders its industrial application. In this study, the combined effect of ionic liquid 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM-Ac) with inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) was used for the pretreatment of rice straw. Optimization of pretreatment was conducted based on Response Surface Methodology and sugar yields obtained by EMIM-Ac+NaCl (160 °C, 88.7 min, 7.6%wt) and EMIMAc+ KCl (160 °C, 68.2 min, 12.5%wt) were 670.7 and 392.9 mg/g-biomass, respectively. The effect of combined pretreatment on ethanol production was analyzed after 48h fermentation. The results showed that the ethanol yield from pretreated samples with EMIM-Ac+NaCl (0.72%) and EMIM+KCl (0.76%) was increased by 2.18 and 2.25 fold times, respectively, compared to untreated sample (0.33%). This combined effect of inorganic salts and ionic liquid significantly removed the lignin during pretreatment, while maintaining efficient enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Thus, this cost-effective combined chemical method may be an alternative strategy for increasing cellulosic ethanol production

Zero Emission Hydrogen Fuelled Fuel Cell Vehicle and Advanced Strategy on Internal Combustion Engine: A Review

Global energy consumption has gradually increased as a result of population growth, industrialization, economic development, and rising living standards. Furthermore, as global warming and pollution worsen, the development of renewable energy sources is becoming more essential. Hydrogen is one of the most promising clean and sustainable energy carriers because it emits only water as a byproduct without carbon emission and has the highest energy efficiency. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw resources, including water and biomass. Water electrolysis is one of many hydrogen production technologies that is highly recommended due to its eco-friendliness, high hydrogen generation rate, and high purity. However, in terms of long-term viability and environmental effect, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane water electrolysis has been identified as a potential approach for producing high-purity, high-efficiency hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) produced are directly employed in fuel cells and other industrial uses. As a result, an attempt has been made in this work to investigate hydrogen synthesis and utilization in fuel cell vehicles. Low-temperature combustion technology has recently been applied in engine technology to reduce smoke and NOx emissions at the same time. The advantages and limitations of homogeneous charge compression ignition, partially premixed charge compression ignition, premixed charge compression ignition, and reactivity regulated compression ignition are described separately in low-temperature combustion strategy