A study of arteriovenous crossing patterns in branch retinal vein occlusion

Introduction: Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) almost always occurs at an arteriovenous crossing, where the artery and vein share a common adventitial sheath. Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the anatomic position of the crossing vessels at the site of occlusion in a case of BRVO. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 20 BRVO patients attending Ophthalmology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital during the period of September 2013 to August 2014. A semi structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the sociodemographic characters and co-morbidity among the patients. The fundus of the patients were examined with 90D lens under slit lamp and the fundus photographs were taken. Results: Twenty patients were considered in the study. Eleven were male and nine were female patients. Mean age of the male group was 50.09±4.94 years. Mean age of the female group was 49.33±3.77 years. In all, there were 21 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion. Out of which 11 were left eyes, eight were right eyes and one patient was having occlusion in both the eyes. In BRVO cases, among 17(80.9%) eyes, the artery was anterior to the vein and in the remaining 4(19.1%) eyes the vein was anterior to the artery. No statistically significant difference was observed regarding the position of artery and vein in BRVO and control eyes (p=0.9). The superiotemporal occlusions were more in number 13 (61.9%) as compared to inferiotemporal occlusions in 8 (38.1%) eyes. Amajority 17(85%) of patients were hypertensive. Conclusion: In the present study the incidence of artery anterior to the vein was higher compare to vein anterior to the artery, the knowledge of which is useful to understand the patho-physiology and management of BRV

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha_1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha_1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha_1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH4–N, NO3–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1>P2>P3 (p<0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH4–N, NO3–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3>F2>F1 (p<0.05).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha 1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha 1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha 1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH4–N, NO3–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1 > P2 > P3 (p F2> F1 (p < 0.05).Not Availabl

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Assessment of Wear Behavior on Treated AISI 630 Stainless Steel by Salt Bath Nitriding Process under Dry Sliding Conditions

Grade 630 martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel has a combination of high hardness and strength after suitable heat treatment. The great advantage of this grade is that they are usually supplied in the condition treated with the solution and then aged to achieve a sufficient high strength. Chosen for this research work, AISI 630 stainless steel samples were subjected to salt bath nitriding process. Three samples were chosen in the shape of tapered cylindrical shapes with diameter of 10 mm and length of 40 mm. The specimens were subjected to 60 Minutes, 120 Minutes, 180 Minutes and named as SBN1, SBN2, SBN3 respectively. One untreated specimen is kept aside for the comparison purpose with the treated specimens. After the heat treatment process wear test were conducted by pin on disc wear test machine. Then the hardness test is carried out using the Rockwell hardness test. The microscopic images were taken using Scanning electron microscope. The results were compared and the best wear resistant material is chosen for the required application

System-Based Integrated Nutrient Management Improves Productivity, Profitability, Energy Use Efficiency and Soil Quality in Peanut-Wheat Cropping Sequence in Light Black Soils

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), being an energy-rich crop, is sensitive to nutrient deficiencies and a scavenger of nutrients from the soil. Optimum and integrated nutrient management (INM) improves productivity and the quality of seeds. The objective of this study was to identify suitable system-based INM (S-INM) options for peanut–wheat cropping sequence in the Saurashtra region of India. Results showed that peanut growth, yield attributing parameters, pod, and haulm yield, and NPK uptake were higher when 100% recommended fertilizer doses (RDFs) + farmyard manure (FYM) @5 t/ha + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were applied. However, application of 75% RDFs + FYM @5 t/ha + PGPR in peanut and 100% RDF in wheat was most effective to improve growth and yield attributes, yields and nutrient uptake by wheat. Further, this FYM- and PGPR-amended treatment was found to increase system productivity by 15.3 and 17.1%, system profitability by 17.0 and 22.6%, and net energy gain by 10.0 and 17.9% over the reference treatment and over farmers’ practice (FF), respectively. This sustainable system approach will be helpful for agronomists and farmers in identifying and practicing suitable field practices with further study on the residual effect of organic manures on the peanut–wheat based cropping system in the western region of India with light black soils