STANDARDIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA

Objective: The objective of the current study was to identify, authenticate and prevent the adulteration of the plant Bougainvillea glabra. The following physicochemical parameters such as standardization, extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening helped in correct identification of the plant Bougainvillea glabra.Methods: Standardization includes the estimation of physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, determination of pH range, determination of total ash, determination of water soluble ash, determination of acid insoluble ash, determination of sulfated ash and determination of hot water and ethanol-extractable matter. Preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC studies for all the extracts like chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were carried out by standard methods.Results: Results of loss on drying and the total ash value were found to be 8.1+0.24 and 6.26±0.05 respectively. The result for water soluble ash was found to be 1.34+0.04. The results for acid insoluble ash and sulfated ash were found to be 1.35±0.03 and 1.10±0.07, respectively. The values for water soluble and ethanol soluble extractive parameters were found to be 23.45±1.13 and 12.32±0.41 respectively Preliminary phytochemical screening for all the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, -glycosides and steroids in Bougainvillea glabra. Major constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were present in methanol extract. Alkaloids and flavonoids were also found in chloroform extract. The thin layer chromatography analysis of Bougainvillea glabra chloroform extract showed the presence of steroids with Rf values of 0.66 and 0.34 in benzene: ethyl acetate (85:15), chloroform: methanol (8:2) solvent systems correspondingly. The TLC analysis of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of flavonoids with Rf values of 0.66 and 0.75 in toluene: dioxin: acetic acid (78:14:5) chloroform: acetone: formic acid (64:12.3:3.2) solvent systems, correspondingly.Conclusion: The results of standardization parameters ensure quality and purity of the plant material Bougainvillea glabra. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. TLC studies indicated the ash value, pH determination and solubility parameters. The data obtained from the present study provide useful data which will helpful in identification and doing research work in future

ISOXAZOLE–A POTENT PHARMACOPHORE

Isoxazole is an azole with an oxygen atom next to the nitrogen. Isoxazole rings are found in some natural products, such as ibotenic acid and also found in a number of drugs, including COX-2 inhibitor valdecoxib. Furoxan, a nitric oxide donor is containing isoxazolyl group & found in many β-lactamase resistant antibiotics, such as cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin. The synthetic androgenic steroid danazol also has an isoxazole ring. The substituted isoxazoles are well developed in literature to posses significant biological activities. The disubstituted and trisubstituted isoxazoles have been reported to exhibit broad range of biological activities such as antimicrobial activity, analgesic activity, antiinflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, CNS activity, antitubercular activity and miscellaneous activities like GABA agonistic activity, inhibitory activity, antihypertensive activity, and glutamate transporter activity. The present review summarizes up to date information of various biological activities of isoxazole analogs

Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of Bougainvillea glabra against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in albino rats

The present study was executed to evaluate the myocardial protective effect of methanol extract of Bougainvillea glabra against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Myocardial necrosis was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85mg/kg body weight) on 29th and 30th day at an interval of 24 hours. Myocardial necrosis was evident from the changes of marker enzymes in serum, plasma and heart tissue. The activities of serum cardiac marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase myoglobin (CK-MB), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and total protein (TP) were estimated. In addition, plasma TBARS and plasma LDH levels were also recorded. Antioxidant parameters viz catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were performed in heart tissue homogenate. The outcome of the study indicated that, pretreatment with methanol extract of Bougainvillea glabra to isoproterenol induced rats significantly prevented the altered serum cardiac marker enzymes, plasma levels and antioxidant parameters to near normal status. The cardioprotective effect was compared with propranolol (10 mg/kg, oral) which was used as the standard. Histopathological findings exposed a reduced degree of necrosis and inflammation succeeding pretreatment with Bougainvillea glabra.Based on these results, it was suggested that methanol extract of Bougainvillea glabra prevents myocardial necrosis and oxidative stress induced by isoproterenol

Evolution to Big Data Analytics Techniques and Challenging Issues in Data Mining With Big Data

Big Data is another term used to recognize the datasets that because of their enormous size and multifaceted nature. Big Data are currently quickly growing in all science and engineering domains, including physical, natural and biomedical sciences. Big Data mining is the capacity of separating helpful information from these huge datasets or floods of data, that because of its volume, changeability, and velocity, it was impractical before to do it. The Big Data challenge is getting one of the most energizing open doors for the following years. In the present time of digitization, we take a shot at the variety of data. Colossal measure of data will be prepared by Google, Microsoft and Amazon. Regular routine these organization prepared huge measure of data. In such way we have to require some approach to adjust the innovation in with the end goal that every one of the data will be prepared adequately. Big Data is a developing concept that depicts imaginative systems and innovations to break down enormous volume of complex datasets that are exponentially produced from different sources and with different rates. Data mining procedures are giving extraordinary guide in the region of Big Data examination, since managing Big Data are big difficulties for the applications. Big Data examination is the capacity of removing valuable information from such colossal datasets. This paper exhibits a writing survey that incorporate the significance, difficulties and applications of Big Data in different fields and the various methodologies utilized for Big Data Analysis utilizing Data Mining procedures. The discoveries of this audit give important information to the analysts about the primary patterns in research and examination of Big Data utilizing diverse investigation domains. This examination paper incorporates the information about what is big data, Data mining, Data mining with big data, Challenging issues and its related work

Data Mining with Big data applications, its challenges and Future Research

Big data is the term for a collection of data sets which are enormous and complex, it contain organized and unstructured both kind of data. Data originates from all over the place, sensors used to assemble atmosphere information, presents via web-based networking media destinations, computerized pictures and recordings and so forth, This data is known as big data. Valuable data can be separated from this big data with the assistance of data mining. Data mining is a strategy for finding intriguing examples just as enlightening, reasonable models from enormous scale data. Right now reviewed sorts of big data and difficulties in big data for future. Separating valuable information from huge data-set like in all science and designing space, There will be most energizing open door in up and coming a very long time for big data. This paper incorporates big data, Data mining, Data mining with big data, Challenging issue and study papers of different organizations identified with big-data. Each organization concentrated on the most proficient method to oversee huge arrangement of data and how much organizations put resources into big-data just as what kind of return they get. Numerous specialized difficulties like implementations and visualizations are to be thought about in future. To oversee and dissect edge data investigate business openings getting from the research of edge data. Team up with the business to comprehend existing edge framework and the potential use for data. It concluded from the discoveries that Enterprise are as yet searching for the correct foundation instruments that will empower them to successfully deal with their big-data with their business needs

Noise reduction in ECG signals for bio-telemetry

In Biotelemetry, Biomedical signal such as ECG is extremely important in the diagnosis of patients in remote location and is recorded commonly with noise. Considered attention is required for analysis of ECG signal to find the patho-physiology and status of patient. In this paper, LMS and RLS algorithm are implemented on adaptive FIR filter for reducing power line interference (50Hz) and (AWGN) noise on ECG signals .The ECG signals are randomly chosen from MIT_BIH data base and de-noising using algorithms. The peaks and heart rate of the ECG signal are estimated. The measurements are taken in terms of Signal Power, Noise Power and   Mean Square Error