Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Envelope Genes Obtained from Patients of HIV Positive

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the retrovirus of human origin that has been responsible for the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, resulting in the loss of more than 30 million lives over a span of forty years. The global prevalence of HIV infection is estimated to affect roughly 40 million individuals, therefore rendering it a significant public health issue. Due to the implementation of antiretroviral medication (ART), HIV has transitioned into a chronic condition that may be effectively controlled and maintained. Regrettably, the present state of affairs reveals a lack of both a vaccine and a cure for HIV/AIDS, notwithstanding the significant advancements achieved through antiretroviral therapy (ART) in enhancing the well-being of individuals living with HIV

IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SEVEN NEPALESE MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical analysis and biological activities of methanol extracts of seven medicinal plants such as Anisomeles indica, Achyranthes bidentata, Sphenomeris chinensis, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Cissampelos pareira, and Tectaria coadunate collected from Tanahun district of Nepal. Methods: Phytochemical analysis was performed by color differentiation methods adopting the standard protocol. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Flavonoid content was estimated by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay where acarbose was used as standard. Toxic effect was studied by brine shrimp bioassay. Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids glycoside, and terpenoid in most of the extracts. T. coadunate and C. pareira exhibited high antioxidant activity with IC50 41.84 and 52.03 μg/ml, respectively. Whereas, the plant extracts of Malvaviscus arboretum, S. chinensis, and A. bidentata exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 76.07, 81.05, and 89.93 µg/ml, respectively. The result of flavonoid content showed the values ranged A. indica (1.84 mg quercetin equivalent per gram [mg QE/g]) to A. bidentata (5.93 mg QE/g). C. pareira and S. chinensis exhibited the highest α amylase inhibition activity with IC50 471.68 and 517.59 µg/ml, respectively. Whereas, A. indica and M. arboreus showed moderate activity with IC50 626.12 and 952.39 μg/ml, respectively. C. pareira exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a zone of inhibition 12 mm/well, and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) 9 mm/well but, T. coadunate showed 14 mm/well against S. aureus. The plant extracts of A. bidentata and C. operculatus showed toxic effect against newly hatched brine shrimp larvae. The chemical compounds isolated from C. pareira indicated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were 3-isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane, alpha-tocopherol, pentadecanoic acid, and 4,22-stigmastadiene-3-one. The major compound was indicated by percent peak area and base m/z value as alpha-tocopherol. Conclusion: Present study revealed that plant extracts are the potential source of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial agents showing different biological activities. The results of this study provide partial scientific support for the traditional application of medicinal plants to cure diabetes and infectious diseases, although further studies are needed to assess the mechanism of action

Early Results of a Modular Cementless Tibial Component for Total Knee Arthroplasty

Cementless components in TKA have been used for almost 3 decades, despite mixed success rates. However, biologic fixation remains attractive, especially for younger patients, because of the potential of unlimited durability. This paper is the first to report results on a modular tibial base plate using trabecular metal as a fixation surface. Twenty-four primary TKAs were evaluated clinical and radiographically at mean 1.9 year followup. Excellent clinical results were obtained. There was no significant subsidence or change in orientation of any component. One component was probably loose radiographically but was insufficiently symptomatic to warrant revision. Five components showed nonprogressive radiolucent lines. One reoperation was performed for stiffness, at which time the components were well fixed. Thus, it would appear that excellent bony fixation can be achieved with a modular cementless tibial component with excellent short-term clinical results

Rural Disparities in Cancer Care: A Review of Its Implications and Possible Interventions

Cancer care has greatly improved in the last few decades, as evidenced by a 22% decline in the overall cancer-related death rate in the United States since 1991. However, the question presents itself whether rural residents, for whom the latest advancements are not as accessible, are also realizing these benefits as much as their urban counterparts. The aim of this study is to provide are view of the literature regarding the disparities in cancer care facing rural Appalachia and specifically West Virginia (WV) as well as possible solutions towards bridging this gap. We find that WV has a higher cancer incidence and mortality rate with fewer oncologists per resident, while rural areas in general have lower clinical trial participation and different treatment regimens. Though programs have been put in place such as mobile mammography clinics and local outreach, more work can be done in WV in the realms of teleoncology, virtual tumor boards, patient support groups, and physician training programs

Isolation of new racemic sugar (D/L galacturonic acid) from leaves of Paederia foetida Linn.

New racemic sugars (D/L galacturonic acid) were isolate from the leaves of Paederia foetida Linn by the column chromatography. Identification of these isolated compound achieved by TLC, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR and Mass spectral data

Principles of Management of Severe Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia represents a serious health hazard.1 Hospitalized patients,2 nursing home residents,3 women,4,5 and children6 exhibit high frequency and/or severity of hyponatremia. Hyponatremia developing during the course of other morbid conditions increases their severity.7–10 Estimates of direct costs for treating hyponatremia in the United States ranged between $1.61 and$3.6 billion.11 Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia are universal12,13 and range from subtle (disturbances of balance, problems in cognition detected only during specific testing) to life-threatening manifestations of increased intracranial pressure with life-threatening hypoxia14–16 and noncardiac pulmonary edema.17 Although the treating physicians must make an accurate diagnosis based on well-established and described clinical criteria,1 treatment is also guided by the severity of these manifestations. The magnitude and rate of increase in serum sodium concentration ([Na]) during treatment are critical. Overcorrection of chronic hyponatremia may lead to osmotic myelinolysis,18–21 whereas undercorrection may fail to prevent life-threatening manifestations.1,2

Alkali Therapy in Lactic Acidosis

This report attempts to frame the debate about clinical administration of sodium bicarbonate in the setting of lactic acidosis in terms of simple questions. Specifically, we address why we develop lactic acidosis in some circumstances, how acute lactic acidosis impairs cardiovascular function and why sodium bicarbonate may have deleterious effects which limit its utility. We also attempt to explore treatment alternatives to sodium bicarbonate

DIETARY SALT INTAKE: HISTORY, ASSESSMENT, AND BENEFIT IN HYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT

ABSTRACTMultiple lines of investigation including genetic, epidemiological, and interventional studies have demonstrated consistently a positive relationshipbetween salt intake, blood pressure (BP) increment, and cardiovascular consequences. In addition, it has been documented that excessive salt intakecan be attributed to various health complications such as asthma, osteoporosis, obesity, and gastric cancer. On the contrary, a reduction in salt intakehas been shown to reduce BP and improve health outcomes, although the evidence is not completely unequivocal. Despite this discrepancy, a lowsodiumdietis widelybeing recommendedtoall hypertensivepatients inparticular,as evidenceagainstits efficacy inconjunction with optimumhypertensivetreatmentiswellestablished.Determinationofsaltintakeamong hypertensivepatients is importantsince dietarysaltrestrictionhadbeenproventoimproveBP controlin conjunction with optimum pharmacological management.Variousmethodshavebeen used toestimatesodiumintakeincludes 24-hrsurinarysodium,overnighturinary sodium,spoturinary sodium/creatinineratio,and dietary surveymethods. Reducingpopulationsaltintakehas been proventobe beneficial, preventingmillionsofdeaths fromcardiovasculardiseaseandstroke,and reducingthe burdenonhealthservices.Manyindividualcountries aroundthe globehavealreadytakenaction againstreducingpopulationsaltintake.These strategieswereeither led bygovernment,nongovernmentorganizations,or industry.Keywords: Dietary sodium, Salt, Hypertension, Sodium measurement, Cost-effectiveness