Toksikologi Pestisida dan Penanganan Akibat Keracunan Pestisida

Farmers obtain much benefit from pesticide used in eradicating and controlling the pest. However inappropriate pesticide use may lead to intoxication. Some factors that determine the appropriateness of pesticide use are knowledge, attitude and behavior of pesticide user, use of protecting apparatus and lack of information on the risk of pesticide use. This article describes deliberately the information on pesticide toxicology, signs and symptom of intoxication, fate of pesticide in human body, treatment of intoxication and how to prepare pesticide

Kajian Pestisida Berbahan Aktif Antibiotika

Penyakit tanaman yang disebabkan oleh bakteri dapat menghambat produksi panen dan sangat sukar dikendalikan karena selain gejala-gejala penyakit yang nampak, bakteri dapat masuk ke dalam jaringan tanaman sehingga sulit untuk dibasmi hanya dengan memangkas jaringan yang terinfeksi atau pemberian pestisida pada permukaan tanaman. Pestisida antibiotika merupakan senyawa kimia yang sangat baik untuk mengatasi penyakit bakteri dan jamur pada tanaman. Sayangnya, muncul strain bakteri resisten terhadap antibiotika telah membatasi efektifias antibiotika tersebut dalam bidang medik.Resistensi pestisida antibiotika juga telah mengacaukan pengendalian penyakit pada tanaman. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pestisida antibiotika sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan penggunaannya di Indonesia. Metoda yang digunakan adalah mengkaji artikel pestisida antibiotika dari berbagai jurnalnasional dan internasional. Kajian ini akan menguraikan tentang pestisida antibiotika, jenis, cara kerja, toksisitas, resistensi, dampak yang ditimbulkan, sehingga dapat untuk pertimbangan registrasi di Indonesia. Dengan mempertimbangkan dampak yang ditimbulkan, perilaku petani, sebaiknya dilakukan evaluasi terhadap pestisida antibiotika dan tidak diizinkan untuk beredar di Indonesia.Kata kunci : pestisida, antibiotik, resisten, kontrolAbstractPlant diseases that are caused by bacteria are able to inhibit the crop production. These diseases are very diffiult to manage because of the silent symptoms and bacterias can get into the plant tissues that make it diffiult to eradicate by pruning infected tissues or using pesticide on the plant surface. Antibiotic pesticide is an excellent chemical subtance for the control of several bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. Unfortunately, the emergence resistant strains of bacteria to antibiotics has limited their medical effiacy and reducing plants disease control. The aim of this study is to review articles of studies onantibiotics used as pesticide. The method used is by reviewing and analyzing articles from national and international journals of pesticidal antibiotics. This study describes lists of antibiotic pesticides, mechanism, toxicity, resistance and its impacts as a consideration for registration in Indonesia. By considering the impact and behavior of farmers, antibiotic pesticides have to be evaluated and should not be allowed to be marketed in Indonesia.Keywords : pesticide, antibiotics, resistance, contro

Antibiotik Golongan Fluorokuinolon: Manfaat dan Kerugian

Fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum antibiotics used widely to treat many infections, from urinary tractinfections to anthrax. In 2012 – 2014, ciprofloxacin, one of the family of fluoroquinolones was the thirdmost widely prescribed both in hospitals and Primary Health Cares in Indonesia. Fluoroquinolones aretoxic and have more side effects than other antibiotics, if they are not used accordingly. It can causepermanent injuries and even death.The aim of this study is to review the benefits and side effects offluoroquinolone antibiotics therefore it can give the information to people and relevant institution in the used of fluoroquinolone antibiotic. The method used is to review literatures of fluoroquinolone antbioticfrom national and International journal regarding the benefits and the side effects fluoroquinoloneantibiotic. The study describes list of fluoroquinolones antbiotic, use, mechanism, side effects, resistance.Results: Fluoroquinolones have very narrow safety profile, that is rarely obeyed. They are safe in thelow doses and short course but for long treatment or high doses, can cause the side effects. The sideeffects of fluoroquinolones are gastrointestinal disturbance, CNS toxicity, kidney injury, visual effects,skin reactions, liver injury, atrophy and tendinitis, cardiac toxicity, hematologic syndrome, immunereactions, metabolic syndrome, teratogenicity. Conclusion: Because of the side effects, fluoroquinolone,must be used carefully, it should only be perscribed for severe life-threatening, Multi Drug Resistanceor failed treatment with other antibiotics or to treat bacterial infection that has good response withfluoroquinolones

Profil Obat Diare yang Disimpan di Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Tahun 2013

Diarrhea is a major health problem in developing countries. Data form WHO and Unicef show that diarrhea caused 2 million deaths each year and part of it 1,9 million are children under five years. Riskesdas 2013 stated the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia is 7%, whereas 12.2% is the prevalence in children under five. This analysis aims to get a profile of diarrhea medication that was stored in households in Indonesia. This study used Riskesdas 2013 data with the design was cross sectional. This study analyzed households data from interview and observation in Riskesdas 2013.The analysis showed that the highest percentage of diarrhea drugs stored at household is adsorbans (39.4%), followed by antimicrobial(20.2%) and traditional medicine (19.2%). The households distribution of diarrhea drugs are mostly found in villages (70%) and in average the household stored one type of diarrhea is 81.4%. The proportions of drug that stored in households is comparable between bought from pharmacy (34.2%)and drug stores/stalls (33.7%), and most of it purchased without a prescription (75.9%). Drug status that is stored in the household comes from the previous treatment (47.8%) and for emergency stock is43.6%. Average duration of treatment for diarrhea is 1-3 days (44.4%) and percentage of household using stored diarrhea medication if needed is 41%. Most drugs are kept in good condition (94.1%).Based on province, the highest proportion of diarrhea medications stored in households is in East Java(19.9%), followed by West Java (17.4%), and Central Java (10.5%)

Kajian: Khasiat dan Keamanan Stevia sebagai Pemanis Pengganti Gula

The increasing of diabetic prevalence encouraged scientists to discover sweetener as sugar substitution. Stevia is a perenial shrub (known as Stevia rebaudiana) of the aster family that has been used for hundred of years to sweetening. Stevia is a natural, non caloric, sweet tasting plant known for its pleasant sweet taste without leaving bitter aftertaste. The leaves contain primarily stevioside and rebaudioside. Both have potential for antihyperlicemic and blood pressure lowering effect. Besides its empirical long-use without any reported toxicity in Latin America and Asia, Japan also enhanced its widespread use. Negative side effects of Stevia has not been seen yet. Stevioside and rebaudioside are not genotocsic in vitro or in vivo in animal models and the genotocicity of steviol and some of its oxidative derivats in vitro are not expressed in vivo. (The study is an assessment derived from 30 of the report studies/review collected from International journals). The objective is to evaluate the biochemical, to study the effect and safety of stevia herb as well as to support its use as sugar substitution particularly for diabetic patients. ARTIKE

Profil Disolusi dan Penetapan Kadar Tablet Meloksikam Inovator dan Generik Bermerek dengan Kckt (Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi)

. The determination of meloxicam and the dissolution test has been done. Drug dissolution test is an approach to evaluate drug release characteristics of product (Tablets/capsules) in vitro. The tests are conducted for various durations from 5,10,15,20,25,30,40,50 and 60 minutes with appropriate sampling. The method of dissolution test and assay of meloxicam accords with British Pharmacopoeia 2007. A control experiment wih HPLC was performed simoultaneously. The dissolution test of meloxicam at 30 minutes in tablet A is 97.79% and tablet B is 87.78% meet the requirement of the British Pharmacopoeia 2007. The content of meloxicam are in tablet A is 100.26%, tablet B is 104.07%. Both of its meet the requirement of British Pharmacopoeia 2007. The content of meloxicam are in tablet A is 100.26%, tablet B is 104.07%. Both of its meet the requirement of British Pharmacopoeia 2007

Tinjauan Kebijakan Pestisida Rumah Tangga

Household insecticide was widely and repeatedly used in a closed room in the community, despite of the potential accumulation of its hazard to human health and the environment. The control of all pesticides (household, as well as agricultural pesticides), i.e. registration for licensed certificate, licensed renewal, and evaluation of the safety was conducted and supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture. On the other hand, the Ministry of Health is also conducted the same activities on household pesticides, so there are a doubling-up in the regulation systems which might be inefficient. However. since was catagorized as a household health hazard, household pesticides should be exactly the subject to be controlled by the Ministry of Health through the Directorate General of Pharmaceutical Services and Medical Devices, particularly for its safety and product license for marketing, while other pesticide used in agriculture was remained to be under control ofthe Ministry of Agriculure. This article describes discourses and alternative inputs on household insecticide policy for the optimum control of the household pesticides