Sampling localities of specimens of <i>Theba</i> on Lanzarote and Fuerteventua.

<p>The Jandía peninsula is enlarged for better recognition. * = ∼20 specimens collected, ▪ = fewer than 20 specimens collected, ○ = empty shells.</p

Isolation by distance (IBD).

<p>A) Pairwise F_ST values for all populations based on AFLP data versus geographical distances between all sample sites in kilometers. B) Pairwise F_ST values for all populations of <i>Theba</i> sp. 1a, <i>Theba</i> sp. 1b, <i>Theba</i> sp. 4 and <i>T.</i> cf.<i>clausoinflata</i> “Rock” based on AFLP data versus geographical distances between corresponding sample sites in kilometers.</p

Principal component scatterplot (component 1 versus 2).

<p>The analysis was based on geometric morphometrics of ten shell parameters. Convex hulls circumscribe the areas occupied by each MOTU.</p

AFLP neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of Canary Islands <i>Theba</i> based on Nei-Li distances.

<p>The AFLP data set consisted of 1964 loci. Bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) are indicated below branches.</p

RAxML tree based on partial COI sequences of <i>Theba</i> sampled on the Canary Islands.

<p>Bootstrap support (BS) values (1000 replicates) of the ML run are indicated below branches. Numbers above branches refer to Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) of the Bayesian analysis (BA). ▪ = BS support >50%, no BPP support; □ = BS support <50%, no BPP support; • = BS support and BPP >50%; ○ = BS support <50% and BPP >50%.</p

Population graph based on the AFLP data set.

<p>The graph represents the genetic covariance relationships among <i>Theba</i> populations of the Canary Islands. Node sizes are proportional to within population genetic variability, whereas the edge lengths represent the among population component of genetic variation.</p

Geographic location of the three forest islands investigated (SM1, SM2 and SM3).

<p>a) Bolivian lowlands; b) the Llanos de Moxos; c) Panorama of SM1 (Isla del Tesoro) and surrounding savannah (view towards the SW); d) Digital Elevation Model of SM1 with the location of the 1×1 m test excavation (blue box) and some of the cores (white points) shown in Fig. 3.</p

Micromorphology of SM1’s key features and units.

<p>A) Fragment of burnt earth from Unit II showing a relatively undisturbed mass of clay with a cluster of coarser material; the association of two different materials suggests reworking, but the presence of root channels indicates it was limited (PPL); b) Unit IIIa at depth 45 cm; “a” indicates an aragonitic shell fragment, “m” indicates recrystallized shell fragments and “c” indicates precipitated calcite crystals (XPL); c) Unit V at depth 130 cm entirely constituted by burnt shell fragments and precipitated calcite (plane polarized light, PPL); d) Biogenic burnt earth fragments at depth of 75 cm; on the left a longitudinal cut of the chamber; on the right a transversal cut of the chamber (PPL).</p

Stratigraphy, sampling sites and geochemical analyses of the profile at SM1.

<p>Residuals are mostly silt with small (<5%) amounts of clay and sand. Coprostanol is expressed as percentage of total detected steroids (see also Fig. 8).</p

Photographs of the 3 meter cores extracted from the SM1, SM2 and SM3 sites.

<p>The thickness of the anthropogenic sediments is 2.5, 1.7 and 2.5 meters respectively. In SM2 the first 50 cm are made of sediments that have been deposited on top of the archaeological site in modern times.</p