Predictive Role of Psychological, Socioeconomic, and Lifestyle-Related Factors in the Incidence of Migraine Headaches

Background and Aims: Identifying risk factors for incidence of migraine headaches through an integrated model of psychosocial factors is important. This research aimed to investigate the predictive role of psychological, socioeconomic and lifestyle-related factors in migraine headaches. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 71 patients with migraine headaches who referred to Imam Hossein Hospital (Tehran, Iran) and 162 healthy staff members of the same hospital were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected by a questionnaire including demographics and disease characteristics and the short form of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The collected data was analyzed using chi-square test, t-test and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: There were significant differences between patients with migraine and healthy individuals in anxiety [odds ratio (OR) = 4.775; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.371-12.895], depression (OR = 5.668; 95% CI: 1.449-14.811), stress (OR = 5.896; 95% CI: 1.339-12.924), low socioeconomic status (OR = 6.230; 95% CI: 2.466-13.487), body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 (OR = 5.051; 95% CI: 2.454-14.660), physical activity of less than two hours a week (OR = 5.290; 95% CI: 1.432-11.572), smoking (OR = 4.253; 95% CI: 2.493-15.171), and history of negative life events (OR = 6.899; 95% CI: 1.626-13.755). Conclusion: Psychological risk factors, inappropriate socioeconomic status, and unhealthy lifestyle could predict the incidence of migraine. This finding is fundamental for further investigations and administration of preventive and therapeutic interventions for patients with migraine. Keywords: Migraine, Risk factors, Psychological, Socioeconomic, Negative event

Risk factors associated with depression in type 2 diabetics

Background: Depression is one of the most common psychological states in type 2 diabetes that contributes to adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for the incidence of depression in type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 254 type 2 diabetic patients were selected through convenience sampling among diabetes outpatient clinics of Tehran university of medical sciences and also Iranian diabetes society during 2010-11. Data were collected using demographic and disease characteristic questionnaire, patient health questionnaire, social support scale and diabetes self-management scale (DSMS) and then analyzed using Chi square, t-test and binary logistic regression.Results: Increased pain and functional disability (OR=11.725), decreased social support (OR=3.086), decreased performance for diabetes self-care (OR=4.088), longer duration of diabetes (OR=1.328), diabetes complications (OR=2.324), the need for insulin therapy (OR=2.431), HbA1c>9 (OR=21.575), BMI>25kg/m2 (OR=2.251) and major life events (OR=14.043) were significantly different between the diabetic patients with and without depression (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in age, sex and socio-economic status between the two groups. The regression model correctly was fitted in 95.3 of the cases.Conclusion: Pain and functional disability, poor social support, weaker diabetes self-care, longer duration of diabetes, diabetes complications, the need for insulin therapy, HbA1c>9, BMI>25kg/m2 and the experience of major life events all together contribute to the incidence of depression in type 2 diabetic patients. The results of the study have implications for the prevention of depression in diabetic patients