Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Improved marketing strategy of a hybrid renewable plant integrated with gravitational energy storage: Techno-economic analysis and multi-objective optimization

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, which could negatively impact the stability of the electricity grid and the economic viability of the technologies, has intensified concerns about their extensive contributions to the national energy systems’ electricity supply. Energy storage systems have become increasingly relevant as a means for securing grids’ stability with high shares of renewables. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of utility-scale gravitational energy storage as a ‘bidding strategy facilitator in the dayahead market’ for renewable energy plants. With this ultimate goal, the size of the storage unit is not necessarily very large compared to the peak production capacity of the plant. This is in favor of the cost-effectiveness of the power plant due to today’s unsupportive electricity pricing and market regulations for justifying large-scale energy storage systems. The gravitational energy storage system is assumed to  accompany a PV farm in Denmark, just as a sample case study. The system is designed, sized, and planned for the optimal marketing strategy of the PV plant using rigorous techno-economic modeling and optimization techniques. According topreliminary findings, a 100 MWP PV plant with 5 MWh storage capacity can be built with a capital expenditure of $126.96 million, at a discounted payback period of 10.6 years, and reduced annual penalties of over 94.5 %

Pumped thermal energy storage

This chapter is on the pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) concept in general and specific configurations, presents the fundamentals and thermodynamics governing the system operation, and reviews the scientific state of the art and commercial projects on that across the world. The chapter will then present a detailed mathematical model of the system for conducting an energy and exergy analysis. These models will be used to assess the performance of a case study PTES employed for stabilizing the power output of a solar PV farm, and the results of the simulations on the case study are presented and discussed to gain a better understanding of the system’s cyclic operation. In the end, the future prospect of the technology, its main shortcomings compared to alternative existing solutions, its pathway toward commercialization, and future potential research topics on this technology are briefly discussed.</p

Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluid flow in a tube equipped with rotating twisted tape inserts : a two-phase approach

Al2O3–water nanofluids along with stationary and rotating twisted tape inserts are used to increase the rate of heat transfer in a plain tube. The simulations are conducted through varying the design parameters including angular velocity of twisted tape, Reynolds number and nanofluid volume concentration. It is found that inserting a twisted tape inside a tube substantially increases the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor compared to the plain tube. Compared to the stationary twisted tape, the rotating twisted tape exhibits a great potential to modify the average Nusselt number by about 32.8–39.6% at Reynolds number of 250, depending on the angular velocity. This is attributed to the formation of conical tornado-shape structures in the flow pattern, causing more effective mixing in the flow. By increasing the Reynolds number, the enhancement in the average Nusselt number increases in stationary and decreases in rotating configurations compared with the plain tube. To assess the tradeoff between heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss penalty, the performance evaluation criterion (PEC) is calculated. The results suggest that the highest PEC is obtained at Reynolds number of 250, nanofluid volume concentration of 3% and the highest studied angular velocity. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Thiazolidinedione toxicity to isolated hepatocytes revealed by coherent multiprobe flourescence microscopy and correlated with multiparameter flow cytometry of peripheral leukocytes

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are effective for the treatment of adult-onset insulin-resistant diabetes. Unfortunately, TZDs are associated with sporadic hepatic dysfunction that is not predictable from experimental animal studies. We investigated the response of isolated rat and human hepatocytes to various TZDs using biochemical assays, coherent multiprobe fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analyses. The results identified direct effects of TZD on mitochondria from live human and rodent hepatocytes. The multiprobe fluorescence assays showed disruption of mitochondrial activity as an initiating event followed by increased membrane permeability, calcium influx and nuclear condensation. Other TZD-related cellular effects were increased hepatic enzyme leakage, decreased reductive metabolism and cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate depletion. Mitochondrial effects were similar in cryopreserved hepatocytes from diabetic or non-diabetic donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) had baseline mitochondrial energetics and metabolism comparable with isolated hepatocytes. Mitochondrial effects in isolated hepatocytes were found in human PBMCs exposed to the TZDs. The relative potency of TZDs for causing hepatocyte and PBMC effects was troglitazone >pioglitazone >rosiglitazone. These studies clearly demonstrated that hepatic alterations in vitro are characteristic of TZDs, with only quantitative differences in subcellular organelle dysfunction. Monitoring mitochondrial function in isolated PBMCs may be beneficial in diabetics undergoing TZD therapy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41920/1/204-75-7-425_s002040100251.pd