Effect of Adiposity and Type of Antipsychotic Medication on Plasma Levels of Resistin and Adiponectin in Patients with Major Mental Illnesses

Metabolic alteration is not uncommon in patients with major mental illnesses (MMI) and adipokines are thought to play some roles. Presently, the link between adiposity, adipokines release and MMI is still poorly understood. This study was carried out to determine the possible impact of central adiposity and type of antipsychotic medication on plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin in patients with MMI. Plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin were determined in ninety adults comprising 65 patients with MMI and 25 apparently healthy individuals, who served as controls. Anthropometry and blood pressure (BP) of the study participants were taken using standard methods. Anthropometric indices, BP and plasma level of adiponectin, but not resistin, were significantly higher in patients with MMI compared with the controls. The median plasma adiponectin level was significantly higher in patients with depression compared with patients with schizophrenia and the controls. However, the median plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin were insignificantly higher in patients with central obesity compared with patients without central obesity and in patients on atypical drugs compared with patients on typical drugs. Also, there was no significant difference in the median plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin in patients on clozapine or olanzapine compared with those on risperidone. It could be concluded from this study that patients with MMI have elevated level of adiponectin which does not appear to be influenced by central adiposity and type of antipsychotic medication

Risk and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with major mental health disorders

Background: The bi directional association between major mental health disorders (MMHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is well established. Presently, there is little information on the risk and prevalence of DM in Nigerians with MMHD.Objective: To determine the risk and prevalence of DM in Nigerians with MMHD.Design: Cross-sectional studySetting: New World Psychiatry Hospital, Ibadan, NigeriaSubjects: Plasma levels of glucose was determined after an overnight fast and at 120 minutes (2-h PG) of a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 124 patients with MMHD. Thereafter, normoglycaemia, pre-diabetes and diabetes were defined using the American Diabetes Association criteria. Also, the risk of developing DM within 10 years was assessed using the Finnish Diabetes Association DM Risk Assessment Form.Results: Seventy eight (62.9%), 37 (29.8%) and 9 (7.3%) of the patients had normoglycaemia, pre-diabetes and DM respectively. Only 2 patients had high diabetes risk score. There was progressive rise in 2-h PG level as the diabetes risk score increases. The mean 2-h PG was significantly higher in moderate-and-high risk group combined (MHR) compared with the low risk (LR) group. Also, the proportion of patients with pre-diabetes increased progressively from LR through MHR.Conclusion: Dysglycaemia is not a rare occurrence in Nigerians with MMHD and it appears to be more prevalent in them than in the Nigerian general population. Also, high diabetes risk score could be a strong indication for glucose tolerance testing

Changes in mediators of inflammation and pro-thrombosis after 12 months of dietary modification in adults with metabolic syndrome

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of a 12-month dietary modification on indices of inflammation and pro-thrombosis in adults with metabolic syndrome (MS).Materials and methods: This longitudinal study involved 252 adults with MS recruited from the Bodija market, Ibadan and its environs. Participants were placed on 20%, 30% and 50% calories obtained from protein, total fat and carbohydrate respectively and were followed up monthly for 12 months. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured using standard methods. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)], interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured using spectrophotometric methods and ELISA as appropriate. Data was analysed using ANCOVA, Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.Results: After 6 months of dietary modification, there was a significant reduction in waist circumference (WC), while the levels of HDL-C, fibrinogen and PAI-1 were significantly increased when compared with the corresponding baseline values. However, WC and fibrinogen reduced significantly, while HDL-C and IL-10 significantly increased after 12 months of dietary modification as compared with the respective baseline values.Conclusion: Long-term regular dietary modification may be beneficial in ameliorating inflammation and pro-thrombosis in metabolic syndrome.Keywords: Dietary modification, fibrinogen, interleukins, metabolic syndrome, plasminogen activator inhibito

Demographic attributes of COVID-19 patients in an Infectious Disease Center of Nigeria

Background: As part of our contribution to the growing pool of knowledge on the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study describes the demographic features of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized at Infectious Disease Center (IDC), Olodo, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of COVID-19 patients whose data were collected during admission between April 27, 2020 and June 20, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed on nasopharyngeal specimen using a real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., USA) version 20.0Results: Among 131 patients, 58% were between age 18 and 35 years, 48.1% were employees of private establishments, and 64.1% were males. High proportion (84.3%) of the patients spent less than 14 days on admission. As at June 20, 2020, the overall COVID-19 mortality in the IDC was 0.0%.Conclusion: This study concluded that COVID-19 was common among male Nigerians, those working in private establishments, and those aged 18-35 years. Future researches on COVID-19 in Nigeria must put gender and age into consideration. Keywords: SARS-COV2; COVID-19; age; gender; occupation French Title: Attributs démographiques des patients atteints de COVID-19dans un centre de maladies infectieuses du Nigéria Contexte: Dans le cadre de notre contribution au pool croissant de connaissances sur la prévention et le contrôle de la pandémie COVID-19, cette étude décrit les caractéristiques démographiques des patients atteints de COVID19 hospitalisés au Centre des maladies infectieuses (IDC), Olodo, Ibadan, État d'Oyo, Nigéria. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive de patients atteints de COVID-19 dont lesdonnées ont été collectées lors de l'admission entre le 27 avril 2020 et le 20 juin 2020. L'infection par le  SRASCoV-2 a été diagnostiquée sur un échantillon nasopharyngé à l'aide d'une transcription inverse en temps réel–Test de réaction en chaîne par polymérase (rRT-PCR). Les données ont été analysées à l'aide du StatisticalPackage for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., USA) version 20.0 Résultats: Parmi 131 patients, 58% avaient entre 18 et 35 ans, 48,1% étaient des employés d'établissementsprivés et 64,1% étaient des hommes. Une forte proportion (84,3%) des patients ont passé moins de 14 jours àl'admission. Au 20 juin 2020, la mortalité globale par COVID-19 dans l'IDC était de 0,0%. Conclusion: Cette étude a conclu que le COVID-19 était courant chez les hommes Nigérians, ceux travaillantdans des établissements privés et ceux âgés de 18 à 35 ans. Les futures recherches sur le COVID-19 au Nigériadoivent prendre en compte le sexe et l'âge. Mots clés: SRAS-COV2; COVID-19; âge; le sexe; occupatio

Insulin sensitivity and mortality risk estimation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: There is at present the dearth of information on the possible contribution of insulin resistance to scores obtained from mortality risk estimation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Aim: This study determined the mortality risk scores in patients with T2DM and its relationship with insulin resistance.Methods: Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides, serum and urinary creatinine, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin, and urinary albumin were determined in 111 T2DM patients. Thereafter, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated using the standard formula. Mortality risk was estimated using the validated Gargano mortality risk calculator with scores ≤0.67, 0.68–0.79, and ≥0.80 considered as low, intermediate, and high risks, respectively.Results: Of the total patients, 5 (4.5%), 28 (25.2%), and 78 (70.3%) patients had high, intermediate, and low mortality risk, respectively. There was no difference in the median QUICKI values when the three groups were compared. However, there was a significant elevation in the median eGFR in patients with high mortality risk compared with patients with low and intermediate mortality risks. Also, the median mortality risk score of patients with low insulin sensitivity (QUICKI ≤0.3) was similar to that obtained in patients with normal insulin sensitivity (QUICKI ≥0.31). No significant correlation was found between QUICKI and mortality risk scores.Conclusion: Insulin sensitivity status does not have a direct effect on scores obtained from the Gargano mortality risk prediction model.Keywords: Insulin resistance, mortality risk, type 2 diabetes mellitus, urinary albumin-to-creatinine rati