87 research outputs found
Identification and assessment of geohazards affecting pipelines and urban areas
The paper addresses methods and criteria of risk assessment associated with land subsidence threatening pipelines, buildings, and constructions. Currently, there are some practical issues relating to geohazards that should be taken into account while constructing a pipeline. The article provides comparison data on the effects of Spitak earthquake and the natural disaster in Neftegorsk in terms of geohazards impact on the pipeline systems. The suggested risk assessment procedure embraces a wide range of aspects: from soil properties to economic and management issues
Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°?
The subject of the research is the models of collection and consolidation (pooling) of resources for payment of public (free at the place of delivery) medical care to the population in developed countries and in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to develop practical recommendations on the development of a system for financing medical guarantees for the population of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of resources to pay for public health care for the entire population in our country. The scientific novelty lies in the comparison of single-channel and multichannel pooling models used by developed countries in terms of their financial-economic and medico-social efficiency with the conclusion about a higher level of costs of the multichannel model with a comparable level of coverage with medical services of the population and indicators of its health compared to the model single payer. The research methodology is based on the use of complex, statistical, comparative and retrospective analyzes. It was concluded that the use of a multichannel pooling model in the financing of healthcare in the Russian Federation with the participation of competing insurers and the use of different channels of budgetary financing for different groups of the population is an important reason for the low efficiency of the Russian healthcare system. The prospect of further research is in the formation of a scientific and methodological justification for replacing the multichannel pooling model, which has historically developed in healthcare in Russia, with a single-channel model of a single payer represented by the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (hereinafter- CMIF).ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°) ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ². Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄: ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ β Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ β Π€Π€ΠΠΠ‘)
On the Convergence of Kergin and Hakopian Interpolants at Leja Sequences for the Disk
We prove that Kergin interpolation polynomials and Hakopian interpolation
polynomials at the points of a Leja sequence for the unit disk of a
sufficiently smooth function in a neighbourhood of converge uniformly
to on . Moreover, when is on , all the derivatives of
the interpolation polynomials converge uniformly to the corresponding
derivatives of
Soft X-ray harmonic comb from relativistic electron spikes
We demonstrate a new high-order harmonic generation mechanism reaching the
`water window' spectral region in experiments with multi-terawatt femtosecond
lasers irradiating gas jets. A few hundred harmonic orders are resolved, giving
uJ/sr pulses. Harmonics are collectively emitted by an oscillating electron
spike formed at the joint of the boundaries of a cavity and bow wave created by
a relativistically self-focusing laser in underdense plasma. The spike
sharpness and stability are explained by catastrophe theory. The mechanism is
corroborated by particle-in-cell simulations
X-ray harmonic comb from relativistic electron spikes
X-ray devices are far superior to optical ones for providing nanometre
spatial and attosecond temporal resolutions. Such resolution is indispensable
in biology, medicine, physics, material sciences, and their applications. A
bright ultrafast coherent X-ray source is highly desirable, for example, for
the diffractive imaging of individual large molecules, viruses, or cells. Here
we demonstrate experimentally a new compact X-ray source involving high-order
harmonics produced by a relativistic-irradiance femtosecond laser in a gas
target. In our first implementation using a 9 Terawatt laser, coherent soft
X-rays are emitted with a comb-like spectrum reaching the 'water window' range.
The generation mechanism is robust being based on phenomena inherent in
relativistic laser plasmas: self-focusing, nonlinear wave generation
accompanied by electron density singularities, and collective radiation by a
compact electric charge. The formation of singularities (electron density
spikes) is described by the elegant mathematical catastrophe theory, which
explains sudden changes in various complex systems, from physics to social
sciences. The new X-ray source has advantageous scalings, as the maximum
harmonic order is proportional to the cube of the laser amplitude enhanced by
relativistic self-focusing in plasma. This allows straightforward extension of
the coherent X-ray generation to the keV and tens of keV spectral regions. The
implemented X-ray source is remarkably easily accessible: the requirements for
the laser can be met in a university-scale laboratory, the gas jet is a
replenishable debris-free target, and the harmonics emanate directly from the
gas jet without additional devices. Our results open the way to a compact
coherent ultrashort brilliant X-ray source with single shot and high-repetition
rate capabilities, suitable for numerous applications and diagnostics in many
research fields
High order harmonics from relativistic electron spikes
A new regime of relativistic high-order harmonic generation is discovered [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 135004 (2012)]. Multi-terawatt relativistic-irradiance (>1018 W/cm2) femtosecond (~30-50 fs) lasers focused to underdense (fewΓ1019 cm-3) plasma formed in gas jet targets produce comb-like spectra with hundreds of even and odd harmonic orders reaching the photon energy of 360 eV, including the 'water window' spectral range. Harmonics are generated by either linearly or circularly polarized pulses from the J-KAREN (KPSI, JAEA) and Astra Gemini (CLF, RAL, UK) lasers. The photon number scalability has been demonstrated with a 120 TW laser producing 40 ΞΌJ/sr per harmonic at 120 eV. The experimental results are explained using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and catastrophe theory. A new mechanism of harmonic generation by sharp, structurally stable, oscillating electron spikes at the joint of boundaries of wake and bow waves excited by a laser pulse is introduced. In this paper detailed descriptions of the experiments, simulations and model are provided and new features are shown, including data obtained with a two-channel spectrograph, harmonic generation by circularly polarized laser pulses and angular distribution
Growth medium and carbon source of unusual rounded diamonds from alluvial placers of the North-East of Siberian Platform
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