Who’s holding the bag? Accountability in the criminal justice system

Lack of accountability and transparency are major impediments in efforts to minimize delays, ensure due process of law and reduce backlogged cases in the criminal justice system of . Existing oversight mechanisms to track cases through physical files and archives are prone to tampering and damage. The problem is particularly acute since there is little or no coordination between police, prosecution, and courts. There is no meaningful consolidation of crime and prosecution analytics and a total absence of transparency in the process. The current system makes it difficult to see who’s holding the proverbial bag. _x000D_ This paper presents results from a first of its-kind survey of our criminal justice system in . We highlight the importance and policy implications of our work by presenting empirical data from 750 prosecution vouchers using the results to motivate a case-flow design that integrates and maps the case-management practices of all three institutions involved

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Synthesis of Picric Acid at Domestic Scales.

Picric acid and its derivatives are widely used in various applications/industries. The first synthetic dye was prepared in 1771 using picric acid. It was used to dye silk fabric into greenish-yellow color. In this study, Picric acid and their derivatives were synthesized and characterized by their physical and chemical properties. The derivatives of Picric acid which are considered in this research include Picramic acid and Sodium Picramate. The physical properties like melting point, colors, physical state and solubility of Picric acid and its derivatives were determined and confirmed using IR Spectra. IR spectra proved efficient in scanning and mapping. Full Tex