Regulation of a novel skeletal muscle signaling center at the occipitocervical somite boundary

Contents the entire data-set of the cohort of patients hospitalized at the Nap Kenbe Hospital Haiti that served to establish the model. (CSV 252 kb

Setting priorities for humanitarian water, sanitation and hygiene research: a meeting report

Recent systematic reviews have highlighted a paucity of rigorous evidence to guide water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in humanitarian crises. In June 2017, the Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) programme of Elhra, convened a meeting of representatives from international response agencies, research institutions and donor organisations active in the field of humanitarian WASH to identify research priorities, discuss challenges conducting research and to establish next steps. Topics including cholera transmission, menstrual hygiene management, and acute undernutrition were identified as research priorities. Several international response agencies have existing research programmes; however, a more cohesive and coordinated effort in the WASH sector would likely advance this field of research. This report shares the conclusions of that meeting and proposes a research agenda with the aim of strengthening humanitarian WASH policy and practice

Sub-group analyses.

<p>Sub-group analyses.</p

Proportion accepting HBT.

<p>Proportion accepting HBT.</p

Flow diagram of study selection process.

<p>Flow diagram of study selection process.</p

Proportion achieving knowledge of HIV status overall.

<p>Proportion achieving knowledge of HIV status overall.</p

Characteristics of included studies.

a<p>Data from study area, or Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS national data (adult prevalence) if shown in italics.</p>b<p>Eligible if <13 y and mother HIV-positive, mother HIV status unknown, or mother dead.</p>c<p>35,815/137,268 encountered in the area.</p>d<p>Stated only as following national guidelines for testing.</p>e<p>Excluded non-English and non-Lugandan speakers.</p>f<p>Eligible if mother deceased or HIV-positive.</p>g<p>Study done in period before antiretrovirals were available.</p><p>ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FP, finger prick; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; VCT, voluntary counselling and testing.</p

Assessment of study rigour.

a<p>Where no information is available “not specified” is indicated for these variables, as we considered it possible that these activities were done but not reported in the paper.</p>b<p>Some studies offered testing but results were not promised, e.g., results available only if client sought the result separately; some studies were entirely blinded, e.g., where testing was done for anonymous population HIV prevalence estimation.</p

Characteristics of study participants.

<p>FGD: Focus Group Discussion; n: number.</p><p>Characteristics of study participants.</p

“My Favourite Day Is Sunday”: Community Perceptions of (Drug-Resistant) Tuberculosis and Ambulatory Tuberculosis Care in Kara Suu District, Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Kyrgyzstan is one of the 27 high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries listed by the WHO. In 2012, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) started a drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) project in Kara Suu District. A qualitative study was undertaken to understand the perception of TB and DR-TB in order to improve the effectiveness and acceptance of the MSF intervention and to support advocacy strategies for an ambulatory model of care.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This paper reports findings from 63 interviews with patients, caregivers, health care providers and members of communities. Data was analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Validation was ensured by triangulation and a ‘thick’ description of the research context, and by presenting deviant cases.</p><p>Results</p><p>Findings show that the general population interprets TB as the ‘lungs having a cold’ or as a ‘family disease’ rather than as an infectious illness. From their perspective, individuals facing poor living conditions are more likely to get TB than wealthier people. Vulnerable groups such as drug and alcohol users, homeless persons, ethnic minorities and young women face barriers in accessing health care. As also reported in other publications, TB is highly stigmatised and possible side effects of the long treatment course are seen as unbearable; therefore, people only turn to public health care quite late. Most patients prefer ambulatory treatment because of the much needed emotional support from their social environment, which positively impacts treatment concordance. Health care providers favour inpatient treatment only for a better monitoring of side effects. Health staff increasingly acknowledges the central role they play in supporting DR-TB patients, and the importance of assuming a more empathic attitude.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Health promotion activities should aim at improving knowledge on TB and DR-TB, reducing stigma, and fostering the inclusion of vulnerable populations. Health seeking delays and adherence problems will be countered by further implementation of shortened treatment regimens. An ambulatory model of care is proposed when convenient for the patient; hospitalisation is favoured only when seen as more appropriate for the respective individual.</p></div