A Review for Functionally Gradient Materials Processes and Useful Application

المواد المتدرجة وظيفيا (FGM) هي أجيال جديدة من المواد المركبة حيث يتم تغيير خصائصها خطيا وفقا للتغير في التركيب مما يؤدي الى تغيير خواص المادة الناتجة. تعتبر المواد المتدرجة وظيفياً الجيل الجديد من المواد المركبة مع تطورات لزيادة المقاومة والتخلص من عيوب هذه المواد. استخدمت المواد المتدرجة لاول مرة في اليابان في عام 1984 في الطائرات وبما ان هذه المواد تمتلك خواص تصميم مميزة اهلها للقيام بادوار وتطبيقات كثيرة. هذه الاسباب جعلت المواد المتدرجة متعددت الوظائف عند تغيير التركيب الكيميائي، او البنية المجهرية او التصميم اعتمادا على متطلبات الاستخدام، تطرق المقال الى طرق تصنيع هذه المواد واسباب الاستخدام. اضافة الى ذلك ناقش المقال عمليات تصنيع المواد المتدرجة واسباب اختيار كل طريقة. من جانب اخر ناقش المحددات من استخدام المواد المتدرجة.Abstract  In the science of materials, the term Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) which could be recognized by the gradual changes in structure and composition leading to variation in the characterization of materials. (FGMs) is considered one of the recent development of composite materials to enhance the strengths and reduce the weaknesses of these materials. (FGMs) were used for the first ti Me in Japan in 1984 via an airplane project because these materials could be used and designed for many roles and applications. The reasons that make (FGMs) are multi-function materials due to the variation in the chemical composition, microstructure and design features depending on the requirements. In this review, the functionally graded materials are studied on many different sides such as the application (the field of implementation) of this new technology and the reason of each use. Moreover, discuss the manufacturing processes for functionally graded materials and discuss the reason of choosing each process. On the other hands, discuss the limitation of the using functionally graded materials were taking in the consideration

Surface Preparation of (2024-T4) Aluminum Alloy by Electroless Plating

          تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى عملية تغطية (بالغمر البسيط)، ان العوامل المؤثرة على هذه العملية بثبوت المحلول وتغير درجة الحرارة وزمن الغمر. في الدراسة الحالية استخدمت سبيكة الالمنيوم من نوع (2024-T4) وغمرت بمحلول يتكون من (81 g/l NaOH+81 g/l ZnO). بظروف درجة حرارة تراوحت  (25,55 and 65) °C وزمن غمر تراوح min (5, 10, 15 and 30) تخرج العينات حسب ظروف الترسيب من زمن ودرجة حرارة تغسل بالماء المقطر ثم تغمر في محلول مخفف من حامض النتريك (50 % HNO3+50%water ) تبقى العينة لحين انتهاء التفاعل الحاصل بين الزنك والحامض من (10-15) ثانية تؤخذ النماذج وتغسل بالماء المقطر وتجفف بتيار من الهواء الساخن ثم توزن نستمر بأخذ قراءات الوزن مع الزمن كل يوم مدة 15 يوم ونحسب مقدار الزيادة بالوزن مع الزمن الذي يمثل معدل نمو طبقة الاوكسيد، كما درسنا مقدار الموصلية الكهربائية مع الزمن لكل عينة، رسمت المخططات باستخدام برنامج MATLAB version 15A، اخيرا اجري اختبار طوبوغرافية السطح وحيود الاشعة السينية. تم عمل محاكاة للنماذج المطلية باستخدام برنامج ANSYS version 15 لدراسة السلوك الميكانيكي لطبقة الطلاء.This study dealt with the process of coating (immersion) and the factors affecting this process stability of the solution and change the time and temperature of immersion. In this study, aluminum alloy (2024-T4) was applied with a solution consisting of zinc oxide and sodium hydroxide (81 g/l NaOH+81 g/l ZnO). Thus, zinc sulphate formed by immersing the sample with nitric acid solution (50 % HNO3+50%water). Then immersed in distilled water. The immersion process was carried out at a different temperature between (25, 55 and 65) °C and different time periods. The results showed an increase in the growth of the deposition layer with increasing duration of the sample and the electrical resistance of the samples and for the same periods. A correlation was drawn between time change and oxide layer growth. Curvature growth was shown with increasing time period for sample exposure to air. The correlation between electrical resistance and time period change was also determined. Simulation between the experimental results and theoretical calculated by using ANSYS version 15. Finally, to confirm the formation and growth of the oxide layer draw by using MATLAB version 15A, Topographic test was examined and XRD

Investigation the Coating of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Substrate by Pulse Laser Deposition

بحثت هذه الدراسة وأعدت طلاء مركب للمزروعات الجراحية باستخدام المواد السيراميكيه النشطه بايولوجيا (bioactive) مثل الهيدروكسيابتايت كطلاءات للمزروعات المعدنيه التي تشجع النمو الطبيعي للعظام عند نقاط التماس بينها وبين العظم الحي. ان الهيدروكسيابتايت (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)) او فوسفات الكالسيوم يستخدم كطلاء للمعادن بسبب توافقيته الحياتيه الممتازه كما انه ذو هيكل مشابه للانسجه الصلبه في جسم الانسان. إن تطبيق الطلاء HA على ركائز التيتانيوم أنتجت باستخدام تقنية الترسيب بالليزر النبضي (Pulsed Laser Deposition). في هذا البحث استخدم (HA) كهدف ((Target تم كبسه عند ضغط (150MPa) مع حجم حبيبي مقداره 2.745 µm)) واستخدامه في عملية الطلاء بواسطة تقنية(PLD). أجريت عدة اختبارات لتوصيف طبقة الطلاء مثل XRD وSEM وAFM وEDX لتحديد كمية كلا من الكالسيوم (Ca) والفسفور (P) في طبقة الطلاء. وبعدها تم اختبار الصلاده وخشونة السطح لطبقه الطلاء HA)). تم اجراء اختبار التآكل باستخدام طريقة استكمال منحني تافل في محلول Hank's solution لكل النماذج المطليه وغير المطليه، حيث حصلنا في هذا الاختبار على تحسن كبير في مقاومة التآكل للعينات المطليه عند عدد نبضات 4000 نبضة بمقدار 99.88%.This study investigated and prepared a coating for surgical implants by using hydroxyapatite (HA) empowers characteristic bone that developed at a medium for prosthetic the parts of human body. HA is the generally manufactured from both Calcium (Ca) and Phosphate (P) to produce (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) that used as a base material for covering mineral embeds because of its incredible biocompatibility and comparable the synthesis and structure to sclerous tissues of the human body. HA, coatings on titanium substrates have been produced by Pulses laser deposition (PLD) techniques. HA used in this search pressed at pressure (150MPa) with particle size (2.745 µm) and used as a target in coating by (PLD) techniques. Surface characterization studies of the coatings such as XRD, SEM, AFM and EDX to detect the amount of (Ca) and (P) in coating layer were carried out. Then test the micro-hardness, surface roughness for HA coating .Corrosion behavior for uncoated and coated samples with various number of pulses in Hank’s solution by using OCP and the potentially static polarization test were achieved also, , in this test we obtained a greatly improved in corrosion resistance of the samples B1 after coating by 99.88%

Investigate the Applicability of Coating Titanium Substrate by Hydroxyapatite for Surgical Implants

Pure Titanium and Titanium alloys are the materials that are utilized the most often for the production of dental implants, and hydroxyapatite is the bioactive substance that is most frequently coated on titanium implants. Ceramics are a family of biomaterials that include hydroxyapatite. This substance has structural and chemical similarities with biological apatite, the primary inorganic component of tooth and bone, and hydroxyapatite is also a ceramic. The substance is not only osteoconductive and non-toxic, but it also has bioactive properties. This research studied and manufactured a coating for surgical implants by employing hydroxyapatite (HA), a distinctive bone that grew at a medium for prosthetic human body parts. This coating was meant to boost bone development. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) created titanium substrate HA coatings. This search employed HA compressed at 150 MPa with a particle size of 2.745 m as a coating target utilizing PLD methods with (8000, 6000, and 4000) pulses. SEM and AFM were used to describe the coating surface and determine calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the coating layer. In an in vivo study, four rabbits\u27 femur bones were implanted with Ti-HA-8000, Ti-HA-6000, Ti-HA-4000, and Ti. Both groups showed new bone growth surrounding the implant at three weeks. Haversian lamellae indicate mature bone growth and complete osseointegration surrounding the Ti-HA-8000 implant after six weeks, which implies that HA is biocompatible and facilitates implant-bone osseointegration

Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique

Aluminum is a highly valuable structural metal utilized in various industrial sectors; particularly, it is utilized in considerable quantities in the nautical, aeronautical, and automotive industries. Aluminum is additionally utilized in small amounts in several other industrial sectors. The composite materials are now extensively utilized in various applications after their introduction. In this research, they prepared composite samples of aluminum with adding hematite nanoparticles with different ratio (2, 4, 6, and 8) wt% by powder metallurgy technology, and the sample preparation conditions was (mixing time reach to 2 h for every sample; the compaction loads is 6 tons and sintering temperature equal to 600°C). The tests conducted were XRD, SEM, EDS, green density, green porosity, microhardness, compression, and wear. The results illustrate that the hardness and wear values increase when increasing the hematite percentage

Investigate the Applicability of Coating Titanium Substrate by Hydroxyapatite for Surgical Implants

Pure Titanium and Titanium alloys are the materials that are utilized the most often for the production of dental implants, and hydroxyapatite is the bioactive substance that is most frequently coated on titanium implants. Ceramics are a family of biomaterials that include hydroxyapatite. This substance has structural and chemical similarities with biological apatite, the primary inorganic component of tooth and bone, and hydroxyapatite is also a ceramic. The substance is not only osteoconductive and non-toxic, but it also has bioactive properties. This research studied and manufactured a coating for surgical implants by employing hydroxyapatite (HA), a distinctive bone that grew at a medium for prosthetic human body parts. This coating was meant to boost bone development. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) created titanium substrate HA coatings. This search employed HA compressed at 150 MPa with a particle size of 2.745 m as a coating target utilizing PLD methods with (8000, 6000, and 4000) pulses. SEM and AFM were used to describe the coating surface and determine calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the coating layer. In an in vivo study, four rabbits\u27 femur bones were implanted with Ti-HA-8000, Ti-HA-6000, Ti-HA-4000, and Ti. Both groups showed new bone growth surrounding the implant at three weeks. Haversian lamellae indicate mature bone growth and complete osseointegration surrounding the Ti-HA-8000 implant after six weeks, which implies that HA is biocompatible and facilitates implant-bone osseointegration

Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate

Because it is essential to avoid toxicity and corrosion in order to enhance the steel components and their aesthetic magnitude used in our everyday life, there has been an increased interest in the electroless field, particularly with regard to the application of nickel-phosphor on steel substrates. In this work, electroless process by nickel low phosphor solution and added titania particles (10–30  µm) to amount of coating solution (0, 5, and 10  g/L) with different coating times (30 and 60 min). Then, many tests were conducted, involving coating thickness, surfaces roughness, hardness, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and linear polarization tests in salt solution that were carried out for substrate and coating layers. Hardness indicates that the mechanical characteristics of the applied coatings with incorporated (TiO2) reinforcement were far more superior to its own matrix as well as noncomposite nickel coating. The polarization curves conducted by potentiodynamic technique for different coating layers with 3.5% NaCl a medium and find all data by computerize, which shows that the addition of TiO2 extract improved the corrosion rate (67.58%) than uncoating specimen