Die 700-jährige Schweiz im Spicgcl ihrer Líteratur: eim Beitrag zur Landeskunde der Alpenrepublik.

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Rede-Wendungen in Wende-Reden: Originalität und ln.tertextualität in Demosprüchen.

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Impresiones de España recogidas por un alemán entre la Ilustración y el Romanticismo: Christian August Fischer y sus libros de viaje

The writer Christian August Fischer (1771-1829) can be considered the most important and influential disseminator of Spain and Spanish culture in the German speaking countries at the turn of the 19th century. In fact, until the mid 19th century, his travel books about Spain were among the most read within a genre that, in itself, enjoyed great popularity. In this paper, we offer a selection of meaningful passages taken from those books in order to analyse how Fischer perceived the Spanish reality and transmitted it to the German readers. We will pay particular attention not only to his descriptions relating to the physical environment, but also to his approach to the country’s inhabitants –the Spanish society of the time–, both in his perception of the rural atmosphere and his description of the capital’s urban life. Based on the motto «men have national characters, women national moods», his particular vision of a different reality to his own also includes an evaluation of the national psychology of Spanish men and women

The use of proazaphosphatranes and a tricyclic aluminum alkoxide in organic transformations and the use of bulky phosphines in palladium-catalyzed reactions

In recent years, proazaphosphatranes [P(RNCH2CH2)3N] have proven to be very useful ligands in cross-coupling reactions such as Buchwald-Hartwig aminations, Suzuki-Miyaura couplings, and Stille couplings. In this thesis is described the use of proazaphosphatranes in Lewis base catalyzed reactions such as the synthesis of biaryl ethers by SnAr reactions and the cyclotrimerization of isocyanates to isocyanurates. Recently, our group published the synthesis of a tricyclic aluminum alkoxide Lewis acid. This thesis describes the use of this novel aluminum alkoxide in the catalyzed trimethylsilylcyanation of aldehydes and the Mukaiyama Aldol reaction. The use of tBu3P and the bulky phosphine tBu2P-N=P(iBuNCH2CH2)3N (recently synthesized in our group) in the palladium catalyzed α-arylation of enol silyl ethers and in the Hiyama coupling, respectively, is also described. This thesis shows that the synthesis of biaryl ethers using P(iBuNCH2CH2)3N as a catalyst under microwave conditions is facilitated at the lowest mole percentage of promoter published in the literature for this SnAr reaction. Herein, it is also shown experimentally that P(BnNCH2CH2)3N is the least basic proazaphosphatrane developed to date, but that the installation of methoxy groups on the phenyl ring markedly increases its basicity. This rise in basicity is shown to increase the rate of cyclotrimerization of isocyanates to isocyanurates. Lewis acid catalyzed reactions using aluminum as the metal center has advantages (such as low toxicity to the environment and low cost). The chief disadvantage of such catalysts described in the literature is the large concentrations required. The use of a novel tricyclic aluminum alkoxide Lewis acid first synthesized by our group is shown to maintain such advantages while also functioning as an efficient catalyst at unusually low concentrations. Finally, the efficiency of the palladium/ tBu3P catalyst system for the reaction of enol silyl ethers with aryl bromides and chlorides is found to be drastically increased in the presence of two metal fluoride additives which were found to behave synergistically. In addition, a general method for the Hiyama coupling of aryl bromides and notoriously difficult aryl chloride substrates has been developed using a new bulky phosphine recently synthesized in our group

Pain is what the patient says it is, but… : an ethnographic study of the factors which influence nurses when they make pain management decisions in a clinical setting

Barriers to effective postoperative pain management mean many patients suffer needless pain. Few studies have observed nurses as they manage postoperative pain in a clinical setting; those who used observation have demonstrated the importance of context to pain management practice. This ethnographic study aimed to examine what factors influenced nurses when they made pain management decisions, and how the culture of the clinical environment impacted on pain management practice. One hundred and fifty seven hours of participant and non-participant observation, semistructured interviews with thirty-six members of staff, contemporaneous field notes, and document analysis were used to investigate the culture of pain management in one postoperative ward. Analysis identified three themes with sub themes. First, the revealing of a pain management culture, which incorporated the ward environment and processes, and a new finding of the silence of routine pain management communication. Second, nurses’ decision-making responses to pain management opportunities including a new finding of a single pain management action. The final theme is nurses’ expectations of patient behaviours and knowledge, including how patients should look, what they should say and know, and nurses’ responses to patients who do not conform to expectations. The findings suggest culturally mediated pain management behaviours, linked to a ward culture where pain was not a priority, leading to inattention to pain management. Using Social identity theory these behaviours are presented as in-group pain management social norms; part of the culture of ‘how pain management is done around here’. These pain management in-group behaviours are presented as the critical factors influencing nurses’ pain management decision-making in a clinical setting. They are not targeted through traditional education and their explication may indicate pain management education should be directed more towards cultural change

Die 700-jährige Schweiz im Spicgcl ihrer Líteratur: eim Beitrag zur Landeskunde der Alpenrepublik.

Sin resume

Aphorismen und Parodien – zwei komplementäre Rezeptionsmodalitäten des Goetheschen Werks

El trabajo se ocupa de dos líneas complementarias de la recepción del legado de Goethe: de citas del autor, pero también de sus parodias. Si durante el siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX la cita de pasos elegidos de la obra del clásico de Weimar era una cuestión de prestigio social y cultural, en la época de los ciberespacios, y tras una etapa de práctica desaparición del autor como «citable», sus «dichos sentenciosos», casi siempre descontextualizados, experimentan ahora un sorprendente renacimiento. Por otro lado, la estilización del escritor como clásico intocable dio pronto ocasión a elaboraciones paródicas y satíricas de su obra, que se han prolongado hasta nuestros días y que, además de conocidas como obras literarias, han producido múltiples textos de circunstancias o de circulación limitada

Impresiones de España recogidas por un alemán entre la Ilustración y el Romanticismo: Christian August Fischer y sus libros de viaje

The writer Christian August Fischer (1771-1829) can be considered the most important and influential disseminator of Spain and Spanish culture in the German speaking countries at the turn of the 19th century. In fact, until the mid 19th century, his travel books about Spain were among the most read within a genre that, in itself, enjoyed great popularity. In this paper, we offer a selection of meaningful passages taken from those books in order to analyse how Fischer perceived the Spanish reality and transmitted it to the German readers. We will pay particular attention not only to his descriptions relating to the physical environment, but also to his approach to the country’s inhabitants –the Spanish society of the time–, both in his perception of the rural atmosphere and his description of the capital’s urban life. Based on the motto «men have national characters, women national moods», his particular vision of a different reality to his own also includes an evaluation of the national psychology of Spanish men and women