Equine Rabies Immunoglobulin: A Review

Rabies is a major cause of human death in many developing countries. There is a worldwide shortage of human and equine rabies immune globulin. The WHO recommends combined administration of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin to patients after exposure. The implementation of post exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and specific immunoglobulin therapy are largely hampered by its high cost. The equine rabies immunoglobulin is less expensive than human rabies immunoglobulin, and is used for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in developing countries. Equine rabies immunoglobulin is a F(ab)2 with high specific activity, purity, and safety. Healthy horses are immunized with a rabies vaccine. Crude plasma is collected and immunoglobulin is converted into F(ab)2 fragments by pepsin digestion. The F(ab)2 fragments are purified using caprylic acid precipitation followed by ultrafiltration. Keywords: Rabies, Equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG), Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), IgG, Caprylic acid, Pepsin

Microparticulate hot melt pallets technology: a review

Recent advances in novel drug delivery (NDDS) aims to enhance safety and efficacy of drug molecule by formulating a convenient dosage form for ease of administration and to achieve better patient compliance. Depending upon functionality, it is possible to design different dosages forms which fulfill the therapeutic needs of the patient with improved bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs, taste masking and preparation of oral dispersible tablets, MUPS and multiple unit formulations. The hot-melt technology is one of the most commonly used method,  is devoid of solvent use, solvent disposal, solvent evaporation and solvent treatment is not required. Keywords: Multiple Unit Pallet Systems, Lipid, Solubility, Hot-Melt Technology, Bioavailability, Absorption of Drug

REVIEW ON POTENT ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS OR HERBS FROM TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. diabetes is one of the major causes of death and disability in the world. Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. Phytochemicals identified from medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus. Most prevalent among phytochemical groups are the alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and phenolics such as flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. Keywords: Phytochemicals, diabetes, standardized extracts, bioactive compounds

A REVIEW ON FAST DISSOLVING TABLET

The convenience of administration and improved patient compliance are important in the design of oral drug delivery system which remains the preferred route of drug delivery inspite of various disadvantages. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several FDT technologies. These techniques render the disintegration of tablet rapidly and dissolve in mouth in five seconds without chewing and the need of water which is advantageous mainly for pediatrics, geriatrics and patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets and capsules. Formulation of a convenient dosage form for administration, by considering swallowing difficulty and poor patient compliance, leads to development of orally disintegrating tablets. Conventional preparation methods are spray drying, freeze drying, direct compression, Molding, and sublimation while new technologies have been developed for the production of orodispersible tablets. Keywords: Fast Dissolving Tablet, drug delivery system, fast disintegrating, fast melting

Review on Teneligliptin: A novel antihyperglycemic agent

Diabetes mellitus relates a metabolic disorder of collective aetiology which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia caused due to disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism due to impaired β cell function of pancreas or insulin resistance or both. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have recently emerged as a new class of antidiabetic that show favorable results in improving glycemic control with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Teneligliptin is a recently developed oral dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor indicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Teneligliptin, characterized by a "J-shaped" structure formed by five consecutive rings which give unique binding characteristics, reflect in higher potency than other dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. Teneligliptin is a novel antihyperglycemic agent with a preferable profile in terms of long-term efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor, Teneligliptin, Hypoglycemia

Compatability study of selexipag and ezetimibe with selected excipients in formulation of bilayer tablet

Present study was carried out to study compatibility of Selexipag and Ezetimibe with selected generally regarded as safe excipients and to prepare bilayer tablet. Isothermal stress testing was performed in binary a mixture which was subjected to 50°C for 4 weeks. Isothermal stressed samples were evaluated with RP-HPLC method and FTIR analysis. A trial was conducted with single disintegrants and diluent with direct compression technique and in-vitro dissolution was carried out. To improve the release profile of Immediate Release layer of Selexipag, multiple disintegrants were used namely croscarmellose sodium (CCS), sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and Crospovidone (CP). Similarly, extended release layer of Ezetimibe was prepared by wet granulation technique. Intra and extra granulation was done with mixtures of disintegrants. Extended release layer of Ezetimibe was formulated using polymers and gums like HPMC, MCC, PVP, Talc, Gaur gum, and Xanthan gum, Magnesium stearate. The results show that Selexipag and Ezetimibe were compatible with the all the polymers used in the study. The polymers used in the present study and the formulations developed using the compatible excipients were found to be stable

Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer and Binder on Drug Release of Metformin HCl Sustained Release Tablet

To develop an oral sustained release Metformin HCl tablet by wet granulation technique, using different grades of hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in different concentration and by varying binder concentrations. Metformin HCl was received as gift sample while all other excipients of analytical grade were procured from the market. Formulation optimization was done by three ways to select optimum formula for preparing sustained release matrix tablet. Trail batches were prepared by altering the hydrophilic polymers as well as binder concentration and all the batches are evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters.  In first step, concentration of HPMC K4M is optimized by preparing three trial batches while in second step and third step concentration of HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M is optimized by next three-three batches respectively. Amount of HPMC is optimized to 240mg. The drug release of all the optimized HPMC batches were evaluated for in-vitro drug release study in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution in comparison with marketed formulation. Drug identification was performed by melting point determination, FTIR, UV and solubility determination. After pre-compression and post-compression evaluation we get the appropriate result in B3, B6 and B9 batches.&nbsp

Formulation and Evaluation of Selexipag and Ezetimibe Bi-layer Tablet by Novel Approach

Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are two common diseases that often coexist. The combined presence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia increases considerably the risk for cardiovascular complications. Selexipag is used to treat symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension and Ezetimibe is a lipid-lowering compound that inhibits intestinal cholesterol and phytosterols absorption. The bilayer tablets of antilipidemic and antihypertensive can be employed for the treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia together through oral administration of single tablet. The rationale for this fixed-dose combination is to co-administer two drugs acting by different mechanisms of action together, reduce dosing frequency, and increase patient compliance. In the present investigation we combine Selexipag and Ezetimibe. Immediate release layer of Selexipag was formulated using various superdisintegrants like Crospovidone, Croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate and Extended release layer of Ezetimibe was formulated using polymers and gums like Hydroxy Propyl methyl cellulose, Poly vinyl Pyrrolidone, Talc, Gaur gum, and Xanthan gum, Magnesium stearate. The disintegration and dissolution study of both layers showed that inclusion of surfactant to the tablet formulation (Immediate Release) and dissolution medium (Extended Release) enhanced the release of drugs from both layers.&nbsp

Invitro and In-vivo Evaluation of Optimized Sustain Release Nanoparticulate Tablet of Vildagliptin

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized nanoparticulate sustain release tablet of Vildagliptin prepared by using Anti-solvent method containing polymer HPMC K15M and Sodium Alginate in a ratio of 1:0.75. The optimized nanoparticulate tablet test formulation demonstrated favorable in-vitro drug release characteristics. The nanoparticulate formulation was orally administered to rat and blood samples were used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters, which were compared with pharmacokinetic parameters of the marketed tablet formulation. The relative bioavailability of Nanoparticulate tablet was found to be increased about 1.2 times in comparison to that of the marketed tablet. The results for invitro drug release and in vivo antidiabetic activity for 24 hours were also found very significant. As per results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies, nanoparticulate tablet of Vildagliptin may prove to be a potential contender for secure and efficient sustained drug release over an absolute phase of time which can decrease dosing frequency