Poetry for pleasure : promoting poetry to children in public libraries

This article reports an investigation of the attitudes and opinions of children’s librarians towards poetry, and towards its promotion in the public library. It also reports some attitudes towards literature promotion to young people in general. A series of structured interviews with library professionals currently working in the public sector strongly indicate that children’s librarians are themselves enthusiastic concerning poetry, and are firmly convinced both of the benefits incurred by children encouraged to read, write and listen to poems from a very early age, and of children’s own enjoyment of this genre. Due to its brevity and memorability, poetry is regarded by the interviewees as the most accessible literary form for poor or reluctant readers, despite its wider image as a neglected and ‘difficult’ genre for children and young people

Lesions and antigen staining observed in tissues collected from intranasally challenged aged mice.

<p>(A) & (B) Focal encephalitis with microglial activation, glial reaction, perivascular cuffing and a non-suppurative meningitis is seen in the piriform lobe (A)(H&E) and antigen staining (red, IHC) is seen in close association with the lesions (B). (C) Antigen staining (red, IHC) is seen in the glomeruli (GL), external plexiform layer (EPL), mitral cell layer (MCL) and granule cell layer (GCL) of the olfactory bulb. (D) Clusters of antigen positive cells (red, IHC) are seen within bronchoalveolar tissue of the lung. (E) Focal necrotising inflammation is seen in the olfactory mucosa (H&E), and (F) antigen staining (red, IHC) is seen in association with the lesions seen in (E). Inset picture (F) shows antigen staining (red) within cells of the olfactory mucosa (IHC). Scale bars  =  A) 20 µm, B) 20 µm, C) 50 µm, D) 20 µm, E) 20 µm, F) 20 µm and F <i>inset</i>) 20 µm.</p

Distribution of histologic lesions and viral antigen in the brain of intranasally HeV challenged mice.

a<p>presence of lesion/presence of antigen</p>b<p>Samples not available; OB: Olfactory bulb; O.Tr: Olfactory tract; PL: Piriform lobe; Amyg: Amygdala; Hippo: Hippocampus; FL: Frontal Lobe; Med: Medulla; (+) present; (−) not present; empty cells represent −/−; ns: no sample.</p

Viral loads in brain and lung tissue of HeV challenged mice.

<p>RNA was extracted from tissue samples collected at euthanasia and analysed in duplicate using Taqman PCR assay detecting HeV N RNA and 18S rRNA and expressed as copies HeV(N)/10¹²copies 18S. * samples not available.</p

Distribution of histologic lesions and viral antigen in the brain of intranasally HeV challenged mice.

a<p>presence of lesion/presence of antigen; DPI; Days post infection; CSx: Clinical signs; OB: Olfactory bulb; OT: Olfactory tubercle; PL: Piriform lobe; Amyg: Amygdala; Hippo: Hippocampus; Thal: Thalamus; Hypo: Hypothalamus; Med/Pons: Medulla/Pons; VN: Vestbular nuclei; (+) present; (−) not present; empty cells indicate neither lesions nor antigen detected.</p

Clinical outcomes and viral presence in mice challenged with Hendra virus.

<p>ROI: route of infection; DED: Day of euthanasia or death; IN: intranasal; SC: subcutaneous; qtPCR:real time PCR analysis for viral RNA in brain tissue; Les/Ant: presence of lesions by histology/presence of antigen by immunohistochemistry in brain tissue; ns: no sample; (+) positive; (−) negative.</p

Clinical outcomes and viral presence in selected organs of aged BALB/c strain mice, challenged with Hendra virus via the intranasal route.

<p>DPI: days post infection at euthanasia; CSx; Clinical signs; Hist/IHC: Histologic lesions/Antigen presence by immunohistochemistry; vRNA: viral RNA detected by real time PCR analysis; VI: Virus Isolation;(−) negative; (+) positive; ns:no sample.</p

Specific (binding) antibody to HeV sG and serum neutralisation titres at euthanasia.

<p>MFI: median fluorescence intensity; BA: Binding antibody to HeV sG; SNT: serum neutralisation test; Bold: indicates animals that developed clinical disease; Bold italics: indicates a positive antibody response following challenge where a positive result equals an MFI >406.</p

Viral RNA loads in tissues at euthanasia.

<p>DPI: day of euthanasia post infection; Mes LN: mesenteric lymph nodes; Cerv LN: cervical lymph nodes;</p><p>(*) virus isolation positive; empty cells indicate a negative result.</p

Representative immunoflourescent confocal images of vibrating microtome sections of brain tissue from HeV infected mice.

<p>(A) HeV antigen (red) was detected in cells of distinctly neuronal morphology at day 11 post infection (PI) in the piriform lobe. (B) Viral antigen (red) was not seen in cells identified as astrocytes through positive staining for GFAP (green) in olfactory bulb at day 9 PI. (C) HeV antigen (red) was not seen in cells identified as oligodendrocytes through positive staining for MBP (green) in olfactory bulb at day 11 PI. (D) HeV antigen was only occasionally seen in microglia, identified with labelling for Iba1 (green) in olfactory bulb at day 9 PI. HeV antigen labeling (arrow) was discrete and circumscribed, consistent with its presence within a cellular compartment such as a lysosome. (E) Section of olfactory bulb showing a capillary amongst HeV infected cells at day 10 PI. HeV antigen (red) and GFAP (green) are not colocalised. The endothelial cell cytoplasm (arrow) is negative for HeV antigen. Scale bars  =  A) 50 µm, B) 10 µm, C) 15 µm, D) 10 µm and E) 10 µm.</p