L'Archivio Arcivescovile di Ravenna e la tradizione delle istituzioni tra Tardo Antico e Medio Evo

SOMMARIO. Antichità e continuità epocale dell'AARa. Nota storico-istituzionale sull'arcivescovato di Ravenna nei secoli V-XI e rassegna delle fonti papiracee e membranacee edite coeve conservate nell'AARa. — 1. Ipotesi su una scuola di diritto a Ravenna per la qualificazione dei funzionari del governo esarcale, e dei tabellioni della curia cittadina; fonti legislative e scolastiche delle quali resta traccia nella documentazione. ― 2. Tradizione scolastica nei formulari dei tabellioni cittadini; formazione scolastica dei giudici, avvocati e notai presenti ai placiti dei secoli IX-XI. — 3. Presenza parallela di una formazione culturale nell'ambito della curia arcivescovile, e nella classe dei notarii sancte Ravennatis ecclesie. Accertata influenza della cancelleria di Bisanzio sui documenti di enfiteusi e di livello; autonomia della cancelleria arcivescovile e originalità dei suoi atti nel quadro delle cancellerie italiane. — 4. Valorizzazione della edizione dei papiri italiani di J.-O. Tjäder per la formazione dei giovani studiosi. Necessità di uno studio interdisciplinare per l'approfondimento degli aspetti giuridici, e più largamente culturali, dei documenti dell'AARa. SUMMARY. Antiquity and chronological continuity of the Ravenna Archiepiscopal Archives. Historical and institutional note about the archbishop's see of Ravenna in the 5th-11th centuries and review of the papyrus and parchment sources coeval published preserved in the Ravenna Archiepiscopal Archives. — 1. Hypothesis about a school of law in Ravenna for qualifications of the exarchate government officials, and of the city court tabellions; legislative and scholastic sources whose trace remains in the documentation. ― 2. Scholastic tradition in formularies of the city tabellions; scholastic training of judges, lawyers and notaries present at the 9th-11th centuries placita. — 3. Parallel presence of a cultural training in the archiepiscopal Court circle, and in the notarii sancte Ravennatis ecclesie class. Ascertained influence of the Byzantium chancellery on the emphyteusis and lease documents; archiepiscopal chancellery autonomy and originality of its records in the Italian chancelleries pattern. — 4. Enhancement of the J.-O. Tjäder Italian papyri edition for the young scholars education. Need for a cross-disciplinary study for the close examination of the legal, and more widely cultural, aspects of the Ravenna Archiepiscopal Archives documents

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity