The Role of Physical Aspects in the City Plan Rules Definition

Definition of city as a complex system opens up to a series of problems that involve the legitimacy of the design of the technocratic plan. The plan nowadays cannot be considered as a black-box tool, but it might be considered as an open process, able to adapt to the needs of citizens and to the socio-economic and environmental contexts. As many scholars underlined, the plan is sequence of phases that must be programmed and that considers the project as a possible scenario, not a definitive one. In a complex and flexible city, the planner (here considered both as the urban studies expert and the political decision maker) has the role to create the conditions for the development of the city, and for creating or maintaining the possibilities of evolution of the citizens who live in a certain territory. In this sense, the strategic aspects of the city plan and its programmatic role, have a relation more with the rules system than with the design one; but it is also very clear that the human space in urban context is made of physically well defined elements. Basing on the most commonly cited example of anti-planning city organization, the MVRDV project Oosterwold, authors underline the importance of the physical and geographical components inside the rules of a plan, nevertheless recognizing the difficulty to establish detailed boundaries to a complex and flexible city

Acesso à assistência oncológica: mapeamento dos fluxos origem-destino das internações e dos atendimentos ambulatoriais. O caso do câncer de mama Access to cancer care: mapping hospital admissions and high-complexity outpatient care flows. The case of breast cancer

Este estudo analisa o fluxo de pacientes atendidas com câncer de mama, no Brasil, no âmbito do SUS, segundo o tipo de tratamento recebido. Foram identificadas redes de atenção oncológica com base nas informações do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e do Sistema Informações Ambulatoriais de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia, relativas ao período 2005-2006, utilizando os programas TabWin e TerraView. O atendimento está amplamente distribuído pelo território nacional, com forte concentração nos maiores centros, e indícios de escassez de atendimento mesmo nas regiões onde a oferta de serviços é maior. Grande proporção das pacientes reside a mais de 150km do local de atendimento. A identificação das redes constitui ferramenta com aplicação importante no planejamento e na melhoria da distribuição dos serviços, considerando que o acesso geográfico é relevante para o desfecho do tratamento. A redução das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade depende da identificação precoce, pois, uma vez identificado o caso, o tratamento adequado e ágil concorre para reduzir os impactos da doença.<br>This study analyzes the flow of patients with breast cancer treated in Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) by type of treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). Hospital and outpatient services networks were identified based on data from the National Information System for Inpatient Care (SIH), and the National Information System for Outpatient Cancer Care, for 2005-2006, using TabWin and TerraView. Health services networks reach most of the country, and few municipalities are not connected to a network. However, treatment is highly concentrated in the largest cities, and even the latter show evidence of service shortages. Furthermore, a large proportion of patients live more than 150km from the respective service. Network identification is important for planning and improving services distribution, since geographic access is a relevant issue for treatment outcome. Reduction of morbidity and mortality requires early identification, and appropriate and prompt treatment can reduce the impacts of the disease

Export stimulation of micro- and small locally owned firms from emerging environments: New evidence

Micro- and small locally owned firms, Exporting, Export stimuli, Emerging environment,