Benefits of using intrathecal buprenorphine

Background: General anesthesia draws attention to the most commonly used modalities for post cesarean delivery pain relief in systemic administration of opioids, while the administration of small dose of intrathecal opioid during spinal anesthesia can be a possible alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of buprenorphine on cesarean section prescribed intrathecally. Methods: This double blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted in patients for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The patients were randomly divided into case and control groups. Case group (208 patients) received 65-70 mg of 5% lidocaine plus 0.2 ml of buprenorphine while the same amount of 5% lidocaine diluted with 0.2 ml of normal saline was given to 234 cases in the control group. Hemodynamic changes and neonatal APGAR scores (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) were recorded. Pain score was recorded according to the visual analog scale. This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of clinical Trials; IRCT2013022112552N1. Results: The mean age of case and control groups was 24.4±5.38 and 26.84±5.42 years, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly different until the 45th minute but diastolic blood pressure showed a significant difference at the 15th and the 60th minutes (P<0.001). Heart rate changes were significantly different between cases and controls at the initial 5th, 15th and after 60th minutes (P<0.001). Pain-free period was significantly different between two groups (1.25 h versus 18.73 h) (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results show that prescription of intratechal buprenorphine prolongs the duration of analgesia without any significant considerable side effects

Serum lactate as a prognostic factor in coronary artery bypass graft operation by on pump method

Background: Lactic acidosis in cardiac surgical patients is a manifestation of systemic inflammation and excess pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This investigation was designed to integrate basic concepts about lactate acidosis with a clinically used of serum lactate in patients under coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) by on pump method. Methods: From August to September 2012, 15 patients scheduled for routine cardiac surgery entered to our sample and followed up two weeks. Lactate concentration in arterial blood sample was studied. Method of surgery duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, aorta cross clamp timing, hemodynamic parameters, inotrope dosage and patient outcome were documented. The data were collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62±14 years. The patients with a poor outcome had significantly higher lactate levels in ABG samples (p0.05). The PH of ABG samples did not generally correlate with the ABG lactate concentration (r=0.116, p=0.68). Increased lactate concentration was reliably associated with patient hemodynamic parameters, inotrope dosage, duration of on pump time and aorta cross clamp time. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a correlation between serum lactate levels and patient prognosis after CABG surgery by on pump method

An Advanced State Estimation Method Using Virtual Meters

-  Power system state estimation is a central component in energy management systems of power system. The goal of state estimation is to determine the system status and power flow of transmission lines. This paper presents an advanced state estimation algorithm based on weighted least square (WLS) criteria by introducing virtual meters. For each bus of network, except slack bus, a virtual meter is considered, using the concept of KCL law. Regarding virtual meter, an improved state estimation algorithm is obtained with higher accuracy and lower computation burden. In the case study, at first, a simple 6-bus test system is presented and the proposed state estimation algorithm is followed step by step. Then, in order to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of algorithm, IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems are also taken into consideration. The obtained results verify the usefulness of the proposed method in large size power systems including thousands of buses

Metal-containing polymers bearing pendant nickel(II) complexes of Goedken\u27s macrocycle

The design, synthesis, and polymerization of a norbornene-based monomer bearing a nickel(II) complex of Goedken\u27s macrocycle (endo-13) and the characterization of the resulting polymer are described. Detailed studies of the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of endo-13 using the 3-bromopyridine adduct of Grubbs\u27 3rd generation catalyst revealed that the polymerization shares many characteristics associated with a living polymer, but deviated from ideal behavior when high degrees of polymerization were targeted. The installation of a 3-hexylphenyl substituent at the macrocyclic backbone allowed for the realization of soluble polymers (14) and shut down an oxidative dimerization pathway commonly associated with metal complexes of Goedken\u27s macrocycle. The cyclic voltammogram of the polymer 14 was comprised of two one-electron oxidation waves (0.21 V and 0.70 V relative to ferrocene/ferrocenium) associated with the stepwise oxidation of the macrocyclic ligand backbone and a one electron reduction wave associated with the reduction of nickel(II) to nickel(I) (-2.07 V). Solution and solid-state UV-vis absorption spectra recorded for polymer 14 revealed a strong p®p* absorption (lmax = 390 nm) and a ligand-to-metal charge transfer band (lmax = 590 nm) typical of nickel(II) complexes of Goedken\u27s macrocycle, and confirmed the absence of macrocycle-macrocycle interactions. This work has ultimately led to the development of a controlled polymerization route to a rare example of a side-chain nickel-containing polymer with potentially useful properties

Multi-port coordination: Unlocking flexibility and hydrogen opportunities in green energy networks

\ua9 2024Seaports are responsible for consuming a large amount of energy and producing a sizeable amount of environmental emissions. However, optimal coordination and cooperation present an opportunity to transform this challenge into an opportunity by enabling flexibility in their generation and load units. This paper introduces a coordination framework for exploiting flexibility across multiple ports. The proposed method fosters cooperation between ports in achieving lower environmental emissions while leveraging flexibility to increase their revenue. This platform allows ports to participate in providing flexibility for the energy grid through the introduction of a green port-to-grid concept while optimising their cooperation. Furthermore, the proximity to offshore wind farms is considered an opportunity for the ports to investigate their role in harnessing green hydrogen. The proposed method explores the hydrogen storage capability of ports as an opportunity for increasing the techno-economic benefits, particularly through coupling them with offshore wind farms. Compared to existing literature, the proposed method enjoys a comprehensive logistics-electric model for the ports, a novel coordination framework for multi-port flexibility, and the potentials of hydrogen storage for the ports. These unique features position this paper a valuable reference for research and industry by demonstrating realistic cooperation among ports in the energy network. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed port flexibility coordination from both environmental and economic perspectives

Evaluating the Ability of Entrepreneurial and Effectiveness of the Education System on the Rise of it ,in Payame Noor University Students

One of the main goals of education is the development of skilled manpower . Due to the increasing population and demand for entering the universities and higher education institutions and also the economic problems, the issue of "entrepreneurs" is an important matter The  aim of  this paper is to evaluate the ability of entrepreneurial in Payame Noor university. It asked 450 students at this University in Tehran to answer the questionnaire with 0.86%  Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Likert respond method. The results show that: There is a significant and meaningful relation between student 's Creativity and independence and their willingness to entrepreneurship; Risk taking in male students is more than female students; Internal locus of control and independence in female students were significantly higher than male students; Achievement motivation, Internal locus of control and independence in basic science and engineering students were significantly more than the students in the humanities and Creativity in unemployed students was more than Employed ones. Internal locus of control and achievement motivation in Students who passed the Entrepreneurship  course was  more than Students who don' t passed it ;and Educational activities were related to the development of the components of creativity and motivation

Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylamide-Based Anionic Copolymer and Investigation of Solution Properties

The copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was synthesized through radical solution polymerization by potassium persulfate as initiator. By changing the AMPS feed ratio from 10 to 70%, and keeping other reaction conditions constant, different copolymers were synthesized. The techniques of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H- 13C-NMR) spectroscopy were used for identification of functional groups and confirmation of copolymers’ structure. Intrinsic and apparent viscosity of samples were measured in aqueous sodium chloride solution under standard conditions. The anionic degree of copolymers was determined by back titration method and by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight of copolymers was determined by the Mark-Houwink relationship. The measured molecular weight of samples showed that we have acquired a high molecular weight product. The effect of different range of shear rates on solution viscosity was evaluated. The copolymer solutions showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. The performance of copolymers with respect to shear resistance and molecular weight was evaluated from industry application standpoint