TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

A Comparison Between Lime And Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatments Of Sugarcane Bagasse For Ethanol Production

Pretreatment procedures of sugarcane bagasse with lime (calcium hydroxide) or alkaline hydrogen peroxide were evaluated and compared. Analyses were performed using 2 × 2 × 2 factorial designs, with pretreatment time, temperature, and lime loading and hydrogen peroxide concentration as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of total reducing sugars (TRS) and glucose released from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. Experiments were performed using the bagasse as it comes from an alcohol/sugar factory and bagasse in the size range of 0.248 to 1.397 mm (12-60 mesh). The results show that when hexoses and pentoses are of interest, lime should be the pretreatment agent chosen, as high TRS yields are obtained for nonscreened bagasse using 0.40 g lime/g dry biomass at 70°C for 36 h. When the product of interest is glucose, the best results were obtained with lime pretreatment of screened bagasse. However, the results for alkaline peroxide and lime pretreatments of nonscreened bagasse are not very different. © 2008 Humana Press.1481-34558Fan, L.T., Lee, Y.H., Gharpuray, M.M., (1982) Advances in Biochemical Engineering, 23, pp. 157-187Gharpuray, M.M., Lee, Y.H., Fan, L.T., (1983) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 26, pp. 426-433Lynd, L.R., Elander, R.T., Wyman, C.E., (1996) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 57-58, pp. 741-761Laser, M., Schulman, D., Allen, S.G., Lichwa, J., Antal Jr., M.J., Lynd, L.R., (2002) Bioresource Technology, 81, pp. 33-44Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y.Y., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M., (2005) Bioresource Technology, 96, pp. 673-686Lee, J., (1997) Journal of Biotechnology, 56, pp. 1-24Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M.R., Lee, Y.Y., (2005) Bioresource Technology, 96, pp. 1959-1966Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M.R., Lee, Y.Y., (2005) Bioresource Technology, 96, pp. 2026-2032Hinman, N.D., Schell, D.J., Riley, C.J., Bergeron, P.W., Walter, P.J., (1992) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 34-35, pp. 639-649Parisi, F., (1982) Advances in Biochemical Engineering, 38, pp. 53-87Kaar, W.E., Holtzapple, M.T., (2000) Biomass Bioengineering, 18, pp. 189-199Gould, J.M., (1984) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 26, pp. 46-52Gould, J.M., (1985) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 27, pp. 225-231Gould, J. M. (1987). Int. CI. C 13K1/02. US, PI 4,649,113Azzam, A.M., (1989) Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 24, pp. 421-433. , 4Amjed, M., Jung, H.G., Donker, J.D., (1992) Journal of Animal Science, 70, pp. 2877-2884Krishna, S.H., Prasanthi, K., Chowdary, G.V., (1998) Process Biochemistry, 33, pp. 825-830Lesoing, G., Klopfenstein, T., Rush, I., Ward, J., (1981) Journal of Animal Science, 51, p. 263Verma, M. L. (1983). In G.R. Pearce (Ed.) (pp. 85-99). Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Publishing ServicePlayne, M.J., (1984) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 26, pp. 426-433Nagwani, M., (1992), M.S. thesis, Texas A&M UniversityNREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory-EUA). (1996)Chang, V.S., Burr, B., Holtzapple, M.T., (1997) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 63-65, pp. 3-19Chang, V.S., Nagwani, M., Holtzapple, M.T., (1998) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 74, pp. 135-159Holtzapple, M. T., & Davison, R. R. (1999). Int. CI. C 13K1/02. US, PI 5,865,898Kaar, W.E., Holtzapple, M.T., (2000) Biomass Bioengineering, 18, pp. 189-199Kim, S., Holtzapple, M.T., (2005) Bioresource Technology, 96, pp. 1994-2006Ferraz, A., Baeza, J., Rodriguez, J., Freer, J., (2002) Bioresource Technology, 74, pp. 201-212. , 3Lin, Y.L., Dence, C.W., (1992) Methods in Lignin Chemistry, pp. 33-62. , Springer BerlinIrick, T.J., West, K., Brownell, H.H., Schiwald, W., Saddler, J.N., (1988) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 17, pp. 137-149Kaar, W.E., Brink, D.L., (1991) Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 11, pp. 479-494Kaar, W.E., Gool, L.G., Merriman, M.M., Brink, D.L., (1991) Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 11, pp. 447-463Laver, M.L., Wilson, K.P., (1993) Tappi Journal, 76, pp. 155-159. , 6Szczodrak, J., Fiedurek, J., (1996) Biomass & Bioenergy, 10, pp. 367-375. , 5/6Ghose, T.K., (1987) Pure and Applied Chemistry, 59, pp. 257-268. , 2Adney, B., Baker, J., (1996) Chemical Analysis and Testing Task-Laboratory Analytical Procedure, , LAP-006Wood, T.M., Bhat, K.M., (1988) Methods in Enzymology, , Academic San DiegoMiller, G.L., (1959) Analytical Chemistry, 31, pp. 426-428. , 3Barros Neto, B., Scarmin, I. S., & Bruns, R. E. (2003). 2nd ed. Campinas, SP: Editora da UNICAM

Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment, Enzymatic Hydrolysis And Fermentation Of Sugarcane Bagasse To Ethanol

The pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with alkaline hydrogen peroxide was evaluated for second generation ethanol production via enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Factorial designs were used to determine the need for particle size reduction as well as to optimize pretreatment conditions and enzymes loadings in the hydrolysis. The influence of increasing solids loadings in the pretreatment and hydrolysis stages was determined; batch fermentation of pure hydrolysate, as well as continuous fermentation of hydrolysate concentrated with sugarcane molasses were performed. Furthermore, mass balances were used to determine the mass of ethanol obtained by mass of raw bagasse in different operational conditions. The pretreatment increased bagasse enzymatic digestibility without the need for prior size reduction. In the optimal pretreatment (1 h, 25 °C, 1.84 mL hydrogen peroxide/g bagasse) and hydrolysis conditions (3.5 FPU/g bagasse of cellulase and 25 CBU/g bagasse of β-glucosidase), 416.7 kg glucose/ton of raw bagasse were obtained. Fermentation of pure hydrolysate led to an ethanol yield of 187.85 kg/ton of raw bagasse. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.136349357Tao, L., Aden, A., Elander, R.T., Pallapolu, V.R., Lee, Y.Y., Garlock, R.J., Process and technoeconomic analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic ethanol production using switchgrass (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102 (24), pp. 11105-11114Barakat, A., Chuetor, S., Monlau, F., Solhy, A., Rouau, X., Eco-friendly dry chemo-mechanical pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass: Impact on energy and yield of the enzymatic hydrolysis (2014) Appl Energy, 113, pp. 97-105Hu, F., Ragauskas, A., Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry (2012) Bioenerg Res, 5 (4), pp. 1043-1066Correia, J.A.D.C., Marques Júnior, J.E., Gonçalves, L.R.B., Rocha, M.V.P., Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of cashew apple bagasse for ethanol production: Study of parameters (2013) Bioresour Technol, 139, pp. 249-256Ayeni, A.O., Hymore, F.K., Mudliar, S.N., Deshmukh, S.C., Satpute, D.B., Omoleye, J.A., Hydrogen peroxide and lime based oxidative pretreatment of wood waste to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis for a biorefinery: Process parameters optimization using response surface methodology (2013) Fuel, 106, pp. 187-194Yamashita, Y., Shono, M., Sasaki, C., Nakamura, Y., Alkaline peroxide pretreatment for efficient enzymatic saccharification of bamboo (2010) Carbohyd Polym, 79 (4), pp. 914-920Karagöz, P., Rocha, I.V., Özkan, M., Angelidaki, I., Alkaline peroxide pretreatment of rapeseed straw for enhancing bioethanol production by same vessel saccharification and co-fermentation (2012) Bioresour Technol, 104, pp. 349-357Banerjee, G., Car, S., Liu, T., Williams, D.L., Meza, S.L., Walton, J.D., Scale-up and integration of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanolic fermentation (2012) Biotechnol Bioeng, 109 (4), pp. 922-931Rabelo, S.C., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., A comparison between lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for ethanol production (2008) Appl Biochem Biotech, 144 (1), pp. 87-100Mou, H.Y., Heikkilä, E., Fardim, P., Topochemistry of alkaline, alkaline-peroxide and hydrotropic pretreatments of common reed to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency (2013) Bioresour Technol, 150, pp. 36-41Rabelo, S.C., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., Lime pretreatment and fermentation of enzymatically hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (2013) Appl Biochem Biotech, 169 (5), pp. 1696-1712Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., (2011) Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass, , http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/42618.pdf, [accessed 19.01. 14]Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., (2008) Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples, , http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/42623.pdf, [accessed 19.01. 14]Ghose, T.K., Measurement of cellulase activities (1987) Pure Appl Chem, 59, pp. 257-268Brethauer, S., Studer, M.H., Yang, B., The effect of bovine serum albumin on batch and continuous enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis mixed by stirring or shaking (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102 (10), pp. 6295-6298Jacobsen, S.E., Wyman, C.E., Xylose monomer and oligomer yields for uncatalyzed hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose at varying solids concentration (2002) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 41 (6), pp. 1454-1461Khullar, E., Dien, B.S., Rausch, K.D., Tumblesona, M.E., Singha, V., Effect of particle size on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated Miscanthus (2013) Ind Crop Prod, 44, pp. 11-17Liu, Z.H., Qin, L., Pang, F., Jin, M.J., Li, B.Z., Kang, Y., Effects of biomass particle size on steam explosion pretreatment performance for improving the enzyme digestibility of corn stover (2013) Ind Crop Prod, 44, pp. 176-184Yu, Z., Jameel, H., Chang, H.M., Park, S., The effect of delignification of forest biomass on enzymatic hydrolysis (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102 (19), pp. 9083-9089Shen, F., Zhong, Y., Saddler, J.N., Liu, R., Relatively high-substrate consistency hydrolysis of steam-pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse at relatively low cellulase loading (2011) Appl Biochem Biotech, 165 (34), pp. 1024-1036Wang, W., Kang, L., Wei, H., Arora, R., Lee, Y.Y., Study on the decreased sugar yield in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrate at high solid loading (2011) Appl Biochem Biotech, 164 (7), pp. 1139-1149Yang, J., Zhang, X., Yong, Q., Yu, S., Three-stage enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded corn stover at high substrate concentration (2011) Bioresour Technol, 102 (7), pp. 4905-4908Kristensen, J.B., Felby, C., Jørgensen, H., Yield-determining factors in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose (2009) Biotechnol Biofuels, 2 (1), p. 11Xue, Y., Jameel, H., Phillips, R., Chang, H.M., Split addition of enzymes in enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids concentration to increase sugar concentration for bioethanol production (2012) J Ind Eng 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Strain E2 on microcrystalline cellulose (1996) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62 (1), pp. 20-25Conde-Mejía, C., Jiménez-Gutiérrez, A., El-Halwagi, M., A comparison of pretreatment methods for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials (2012) Process Saf Environ, 90 (3), pp. 189-20

Production Of Bioethanol, Methane And Heat From Sugarcane Bagasse In A Biorefinery Concept

The potential of biogas production from the residues of second generation bioethanol production was investigated taking into consideration two types of pretreatment: lime or alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Bagasse was pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed and the wastes from pretreatment and hydrolysis were used to produce biogas. Results have shown that if pretreatment is carried out at a bagasse concentration of 4% DM, the highest global methane production is obtained with the peroxide pretreatment: 72.1. L. methane/kg. bagasse. The recovery of lignin from the peroxide pretreatment liquor was also the highest, 112.7 ± 0.01 g/kg of bagasse. Evaluation of four different biofuel production scenarios has shown that 63-65% of the energy that would be produced by bagasse incineration can be recovered by combining ethanol production with the combustion of lignin and hydrolysis residues, along with the anaerobic digestion of pretreatment liquors, while only 32-33% of the energy is recovered by bioethanol production alone. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.1021778877895Andrade, R.R., Rivera, E.A.C., Atala, D.I.P., Maugeri Filho, F., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., Development of extractive processes and robust mathematical model for bioethanol production (2009) Bioethanol: Production, pp. 75-92. , Benefits and Economics. Nova Science Publishers, New York, B.E. Jason (Ed.)Angelidaki, I., Sanders, W., Assessment of the anaerobic biodegradability of macropollutants (2004) Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 3, pp. 117-129(1995), APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed. American Public Health Association, New York, USABaker, A.J., (1983), pp. 14-19. , Wood fuel properties and fuel products from woods. In: Fuel Wood Management and Utilization Seminar: Proceedings, November 9-11, 1982. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MIBauer, A., Mayr, H., Hopfner-Sixt, K., Amon, T., Detailed monitoring of two biogas plants and mechanical solid-liquid separation of fermentation residues (2009) J. Biotechnol., 142, pp. 56-63Cherubini, F., The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals (2010) Energy Convers. Manag., 51, pp. 1412-1421Dantas, T.L.P., (2005), Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in a hybrid catalyst and advanced oxidation of textile wastewater by Fenton reagent modified. Master of Science Thesis. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil (in Portuguese)Dias, M.O.S., Cunha, M.P.C., Maciel Filho, R., Bonomi, A., Jesus, C.D.F., Rossell, C., Rossell, E.V., in press. Simulation of integrated first and second generation bioethanol production from sugarcane: comparison between different biomass pretreatment methods. J. Ind. Microbiol. BiotechnolFuentes, L.L.G., Rabelo, S.C., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., Kinetics of lime pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis (2011) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 163, pp. 612-625Ghose, T.K., Measurement of cellulase activities (1987) Pure Appl. Chem., 59, pp. 257-268Ibrahim, M.N.M., Chuah, S.B., Characterization of lignin precipitated from the soda black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers by various mineral acids (2004) AJSTD, 21 (1), pp. 57-67Kaar, W.E., Holtzapple, M.T., Using lime pretreatment to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover (2000) Biomass Bioenerg., 18, pp. 189-199Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, A.B., Kongjan, P., Angelidaki, I., Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept (2009) Bioresour. Technol., 100, pp. 2562-2568Kreuger, E., Sipos, B., Zacchi, G., Svensson, S.E., Björnsson, L., Bioconversion of industrial hemp to ethanol and methane: the benefits of steam pretreatment and co-production (2011) Bioresour. Technol., 102, pp. 3457-3465Lamo, P., (1991) Methane-producing system through industrial wastewater treatment, , METHAX/BIOPAQ-CODISTIL, Piracicaba, SP, (in Portuguese)Laser, M., Jin, H., Jayawardhana, K., Dale, B.E., Lynd, L.R., Projected mature technology scenarios for conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol with coproduction thermochemical fuels, power, and/or animal feed protein (2009) Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 3, pp. 231-246Lettinga, G., Haandel, A.C.V., Anaerobic digestion for energy production and environmental protection (1993) Renewable Energy Sources for Fuels and Electricity, pp. 817-840. , Island Press, Washington, T.B. Johansson, H. Kelly, A.K.N. Reddy, R.H. Williams (Eds.)Lin, S.H., Lo, C.C., Fenton process for treatment of desizing wastewater (1997) Water Res., 31, pp. 2050-2056Liu, D., Zeng, R., Angelidaki, I., Hydrogen and methane production from household solid waste in the two-stage fermentation process (2006) Water Res., 40 (11), pp. 2230-2236Lu, Y., Lai, Q., Zhang, C., Zhao, H., Ma, K., Zhao, X., Chen, H., Xing, X.H., Characteristics of hydrogen and methane production from cornstalks by an augmented two- or three-stage anaerobic fermentation process (2009) Bioresour. Technol., 100, pp. 2889-2895Luo, G., Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., Xie, L., Zhou, Q., Angelidaki, I., Enhanced bioenergy recovery from rapeseed plant in a biorefinery concept (2011) Bioresour. Technol., 102, pp. 1433-1439Margeot, A., Han-Hangerdal, B., Edlund, M., Slade, R., Monot, F., New improvements for lignocellulosic ethanol (2009) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 20, pp. 372-380Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y.Y., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M., Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (2005) Bioresour. Technol., 96, pp. 673-686Rabelo, S.C., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., A comparison between lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for ethanol production (2008) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 144, pp. 87-100Revista Pesquisa FAPESP: Política de C & T, 2007. Cellulose ethanol: sugarcane bagasse and straw are quoted to increase ethanol production. In: Ereno, D. (Ed.), 133rd ed. Brazil (in Portuguese)Rivera, E.C., Rabelo, S.C., Garcia, D.R., Maciel Filho, R., Costa, A.C., Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production: determining optimal enzyme loading using neural networks (2010) J. Chem. Technol. Biot., 85, pp. 983-992Salomon, K.R., Lora, E.E.S., Estimate of the electric energy generating potential for different sources of biogas in Brazil (2009) Biomass Bioenerg., 33, pp. 1101-1107Sassner, P., Martensson, C.G., Galbe, M., Zacchi, G., Steam pretreatment of H 2SO 4-impregnated salix for the production of bioethanol (2008) Bioresour. Technol., 99, pp. 137-145Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., Crocker, D., (2008), a. Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Midwest Research Institute, Golden, CO. NREL/TP-510-42618Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., (2008), b. Determination of Sugars, By-products, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Midwest Research Institute, Golden, CO. 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Technol., 96, pp. 2026-203

Ethanol Production From Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreated With Lime And Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide

In this work we evaluated ethanol production from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Two pretreatments agents, lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, were compared in their performance to improve the susceptibility of bagasse to enzymatic action. Mild conditions of temperature, pressure and absence of acids were chosen to diminish costs and to avoid sugars degradation and consequent inhibitors formation. The bagasse was used as it comes from the sugar/ethanol industries, without grinding or sieving, and hydrolysis was performed with low enzymes loading (3.50 FPU g -1 dry pretreated biomass of cellulase and 1.00 CBU g -1 dry pretreated biomass of β-glucosidase). The pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide led to the higher glucose yield: 691 mg g -1 of glucose for pretreated bagasse after hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated for 1 h at 25 °C with 7.35% (v/v) of peroxide. Fermentation of the hydrolyzates from the two pretreatments were carried out and compared with fermentation of a glucose solution. Ethanol yields from the hydrolyzates were similar to that obtained by fermentation of the glucose solution. Although the preliminary results obtained in this work are promising for both pretreatments considered, reflecting their potential for application, further studies, considering higher biomass concentrations and economic aspects should be performed before extending the conclusions to an industrial process. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.35726002607Baudel, H.M., Zaror, C., Abreu, C.A.M., Improving the value of sugarcane bagasse via integrated chemical production systems: an environmentally friendly approach (2005) Ind Crops Prod, 21, pp. 309-315Laser, M., Schulman, D., Allen, S.G., Lichwa, J., Antal, M.J., Lynd, L.R., A comparison of liquid hot water and steam pretreatments of sugar cane bagasse for bioconversion to ethanol (2002) Bioresour Technol, 81, pp. 33-44Lee, J., Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol (1997) J Biotechnol, 56, pp. 1-24Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Lee, Y.Y., Holtzapple, M., Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (2005) Bioresour Technol, 96, pp. 673-686Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M.R., Lee, Y.Y., Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies (2005) Bioresour Technol, 96, pp. 1959-1966Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M.R., Lee, Y.Y., Comparative sugar recovery data from laboratory scale application of leading pretreatment technologies to corn stover (2005) Bioresour Technol, 96, pp. 2026-2032Amjed, M., Jung, H.G., Donker, J.D., Effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cell wall composition and digestion kinetics of sugarcane residues and wheat straw (1992) J Anim Sci, 70, pp. 2877-2884Saha, B.C., Loren, B.I., Cotta, M.A., Wu, Y.V., Dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of wheat straw to ethanol (2005) Process Biochem, 40, pp. 3693-3700Teixeira, L.C., Linden, J.C., Herbert, H.A., Optimizing peracetic acid treatment conditions for improved simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of sugar cane bagasse to ethanol fuel (1999) Renew Energ, 16, pp. 1070-1073Martín, C., Galbe, M., Wahlbom, C.F., Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Jönsson, L.J., Ethanol production from enzymatic hydrolyzates of sugarcane bagasse using recombinant xylose-utilising S. cerevisiae (2002) Enzym Microb Technol, 31, pp. 274-282Kaar, W.E., Holtzapple, M.T., Using lime pretreatment to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover (2000) Biomass Bioenergy, 18, pp. 189-199Azzam, A.M., Pretreatment of cane bagasse with hydrogen peroxide for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and ethanol fermertation (1989) J Environ Sci Health B, 24, pp. 421-433Gould, J.M., Freer, S.N., High-efficiency ethanol production from lignocellulosic residues pretreated with alkaline H2O2 (1984) Biotechnol Bioeng, 26, pp. 628-631Gould, J.M., Studies on the mechanism of alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues (1985) Biotechnol Bioeng, 27, pp. 225-231Hari Krishan, S., Prabhakar, Y., Chowdary, G.V., Ayyanna, C., Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated sugar cane leaves to ethanol (1998) Process Biochem, 33, pp. 825-830Lesoing, G., Klopfenstein, T., Rush, I., Ward, J., Chemical treatment of wheat straw (1981) J Anim Sci, 51, pp. 263-269Verma, M.L., Practical aspects of treatment of crop residues (1983) The utilization of fibrous agricultural residues, pp. 85-99. , Australian Govt Punbl Ser, Canberra, Watson Ferguson and Co, G.R. Pearce (Ed.)Playne, M.J., Increased digestability of bagasse by pretreatment with alkali and steam explosion (1984) Biotechnol Bioeng, 26, pp. 426-433Nagwani, M., Calcium hydroxide pretreatment of biomass. (1992), M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University;Chang, V.S., Burr, B., Holtzapple, M.T., Lime pretreatment of switchgrass (1997) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 63-65, pp. 3-19Chang, V.S., Nagwani, M., Holtzapple, M.T., Lime pretreatment of crop residues bagasse and wheat straw (1998) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 74, pp. 135-159Holtzapple, M.T., Davison, R.R., Methods of biomass pretreatment. (1999), U.S. Patent number 5,865,898Kim, S., Holtzapple, M.T., Lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover (2005) Bioresour Technol, 96 (18), pp. 1994-2006Szczodrak, J., Fiedurek, J., Technology for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol (1996) Biomass Bioenergy, 10 (5-6), pp. 367-375Ghose, T.K., Measurement of cellulase activities (1987) Pure Appl Chem, 59, pp. 257-268Adney, B., Baker, J., (1996) Measurement of cellulase activities: laboratory analytical procedure (LAP), p. 11. , National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden (CO),Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42628Wood, T.M., Bhat, K.M., Methods for measuring cellulase activities (1988) Methods in enzymology, 160, pp. 87-111. , Academic Press, New York (NY), W.A. Wood, S.T. Kellog (Eds.) Biomass part A cellulose and hemicelluloseFerraz, A., Baeza, J., Rodriguez, J., Freer, J., Estimating the chemical composition of biodegraded pine and eucalyptus wood by DRIFT spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (2000) Bioresour Technol, 74 (3), pp. 201-212Lin, Y.L., Dence, C.W., (1992) Methods in lignin chemistry, , Springer-Verlag Berlin, New YorkIrick, T.J., West, K., Brownell, H.H., Schiwald, W., Saddler, J.N., Comparison of colorimetric and HPLC techniques for quantitating the carbohydrate components of steam-treated wood (1988) Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 17, pp. 137-149Kaar, W.E., Brink, D.L., Summative analysis of nine common North American woods (1991) J Wood Chem Technol, 11 (4), pp. 479-494Kaar, W.E., Gool, L.G., Merriman, M.M., Brink, D.L., The complete analysis of wood polysaccharides using HPLC (1991) J Wood Chem Technol, 11 (4), pp. 447-463Laver, M.L., Wilson, K.P., Determination of carbohydrates in wood pulp products (1993) Tappi J, 76 (6), pp. 155-158Barros Neto, B., Scarmin, I.S., Bruns, R.E., (2003) Como fazer experimentos. Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na ciência e na indústria, , Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, SPJuhász, T., Szengyel, Z., Réczey, K., Siika-Aho, M., Viikari, L., Characterization of cellulases and hemicellulases profuced by Trichoderma reesei on various carbon sources (2005) Process Biochem, 40, pp. 3519-352

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data and thermophysical properties for ternary systems composed of water, acetic acid and different solvents

Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for water + acetic acid + {1-butanol or isopentanol or methyl-terc-butyl ether (MTBE) or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or diisobutyl ketone (DIBK) or isoamyl propionate} systems at T = {293.2 and 313.2} K and P ≈ 95 kPa were determined. Immiscibility region (LLE envelope) were determined experimentally through binodal curves (cloud point data). Thermophysical properties, i.e., density, refractive index, speed of sound, isentropic compressibility and molar refractivity were obtained for each cloud point. Tie lines were attained using indirect method utilizing equations obtained through cloud point data fit and partition coefficients, selectivities and percent of extraction were calculated in order to evaluate the effects of solvent type and temperature on acetic acid removal from water. Besides, thermophysical properties for all systems were compared. LLE data were correlated with NRTL model, presenting root mean square deviation equal to 1.2366% for 66 tie lines. NRTL modelling also estimated plait points for all systems4824863COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES23038.007211/2012–9

Catalytic Conversion Of Glucose Using Tio2 Catalysts

Glucose is the most available hexose as it can be obtained from the most abundant and renewable biomass on Earth, cellulose. In addition, glucose can be catalytically transformed into furan derivates such as hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) which are potential compounds to prepare polymeric materials and biofuels. The catalytic conversion of glucose can proceed via three chemical routes. Firstly, glucose isomerization can produce fructose. Secondly, the dehydration process of glucose to obtain 1,6-anhydroglucose and finally, the dehydration of fructose and small fragments such as glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetone through a retro-aldol condensation to obtain HMF [1,2]. It has been shown that basic catalysts are more efficient to convert glucose into fructose. However, acidic properties are also needed to facilitate the dehydration process in order to obtain furan derivates. Titanium oxide catalysts appear to be an appropriate catalyst for an industrial process whereby glucose is converted due to both its acidic and basic properties and its low synthesis cost. Based on this, glucose conversion was studied with a TiO2 catalyst obtained by a sol-gel method. The reactions were performed as a function of reaction time (2, 4, 6, and 8 h) and temperature (393, 403, 413 and 423 K). N2 physisorption analysis revealed a mesoporous structure for the titania with a pore diameter range from 10 to 110 Å, superficial area of 128 m2/g and total pore volume of the 1.7x10-7 m3/g. The structural characterization by XRD showed that the titania was present in the anatase polymorph. The catalytic results showed that the lower temperature and reaction time increases the fructose yield. However, significant amounts of HMF were detected at higher temperatures and reaction time. 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Designing a cocktail containing redox enzymes to improve hemicellulosic hydrolysate fermentability by microorganisms

Bioproducts production using monomeric sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass presents several challenges, such as to require a physicochemical pretreatment to improve its conversion yields. Hydrothermal lignocellulose pretreatment has several advantages and results in solid and liquid streams. The former is called hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HH), which contains inhibitory phenolic compounds and sugar degradation products that hinder microbial fermentation products from pentose sugars. Here, we developed and applied a novel enzyme process to detoxify HH. Initially, the design of experiments with different redox activities enzymes was carried out. The enzyme mixture containing the peroxidase (from Armoracia rusticana) together with superoxide dismutase (from Coptotermes gestroi) are the most effective to detoxify HH derived from sugarcane bagasse. Butanol fermentation by the bacteria Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum and ethanol production by the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis increased by 24.0× and 2.4×, respectively, relative to the untreated hemicellulosic hydrolysates. Detoxified HH was analyzed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods elucidating the mechanisms of phenolic compound modifications by enzymatic treatment. The enzyme mixture degraded and reduced the hydroxyphenyl- and feruloyl-derived units and polymerized the lignin fragments. This strategy uses biocatalysts under environmentally friendly conditions and could be applied in the fuel, food, and chemical industries13