Therapeutische Angiogenese bei chronischer Myokardischämie - Applikation von FGF-2 mittels selektiver druckregulierter Retroinfusion im tierexperimentellen Modell am Schwein

Die Applikation vaskulärer Wachstumsfaktoren zur Stimulation des Kollateral- (therapeutische Arteriogenese) und des Kapillarwachstums (therapeutische Angiogenese) stellt einen möglichen neuen Ansatz in der Behandlung der koronaren Herzerkrankung dar. Der klinische Einsatz vaskulärer Wachstumsfaktoren ist derzeit aber vor allem durch ein klinisch verfügbares sicheres und effektives Applikationsverfahren limitiert. Die selektive synchronisierte druckregulierte Retroinfusion (SSR) von Koronarvenen ist ein klinisch etabliertes Herzkatheterverfahren und erlaubt eine effektive Applikation von Medikamenten und Genvektoren in ischämisches Myokardgewebe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde deshalb die Auswirkung der Retroinfusion des vaskulären Wachstumsfaktors FGF-2 in die Koronarvene auf das Kollateralwachstum (Arteriogenese), das Kapillarwachstum (Angiogenese), den myokardialen Blutfluss und die kontraktile Myokardfunktion bei chronischer, experimenteller Myokardischämie (Schwein) untersucht, und mit der intrakoronaren Applikation von FGF-2 verglichen. Eine hochgradige koronararterielle Stenose, mit Progression zur Komplettokklusion bis zum Tag 28 der Untersuchung, wurde durch Implantation eines Reduktionsstent-Graft in die LAD induziert. Nach 7 Tagen wurde eine 30 minütige Retroinfusion (anteriore Herzvene) ohne (Kontrollgruppe A, n=7) und unter Zugabe von 150µg FGF-2 (Gruppe B, n=7) durchgeführt, und mit der antegraden Infusion (30 min) von FGF-2 in die Koronararterie (LAD) verglichen (Gruppe C, n=7). 28 Tage nach Implantation des Reduktionsstent erfolgte die Bestimmung der Anzahl der Kollateralarterien (post-mortem Angiographie) und der Kapillardichte (Histologie, Färbung für alkalische Phosphatase). Der regionale myokardiale Blutfluss (fluoreszierende Mikrosphären) und die kontraktile Myokardfunktion (Sonomikrometrie) wurden unter Ruhebedingungen und Bedingungen mit gesteigertem Sauerstoffbedarf (rechts-atriales Pacing) gemessen. Am Versuchende, 28 Tage nach Implantation des Reduktionsstent, konnte die Retroinfusion von FGF-2 in die Koronarvene (Gruppe B), verglichen mit den unbehandelten Kontrolltieren (Gruppe A) und der antegraden Applikation von FGF-2 in die Koronararterie (Gruppe C), eine signifikante Zunahme der Kollateralarterien (5,2±1,1 vs. 2,95±0,4 vs. 3,3±0,3, p<0,05) und der Kapillardichte (1,45±0,2 vs. 1,0±0,17 vs. 1,05±0,15 [Kapillaren/Myozyt], p<0,05) erzielen. Der regionale myokardiale Blutfluss im ischämischen LAD-Areal war signifikant höher nach Retroinfusion von FGF-2 (1.07±0.14 vs. 0.66±0.07 vs. 0.72±0.17 ml*min-1*g-1, p<0.05). Entsprechend wurde nach Retroinfusion von FGF-2 auch eine signifikante Verbesserung der regionalen kontraktilen Myokardfunktion unter Ruhebedingungen (18.5±4.1% vs. 5.7±2.9% vs. 7.9±1.8% [Segmentverkürzung in % der enddiastolischen Länge], p<0.05) und Bedingungen mit gesteigertem Sauerstoffbedarf beobachtet. Der linksventrikuläre enddiastolische Druck (LVEDP) als Maß für die globale Myokardfunktion konnte statistisch signifikant lediglich mit der Retroinfusion von FGF-2 in die anteriore Herzvene, nicht jedoch bei den unbehandelten Kontrolltieren und den antegrad mit FGF-2 behandelten Tieren günstig beeinflusst werden. Die selektive druckregulierte Retroinfusion von FGF-2 in die Koronarvene konnte somit eine funktionell relevante therapeutische Arterio- und Angiogenese induzieren, und war signifikant effektiver als die intrakoronare Applikation von FGF-2. Um die Frage nach der Ursache für die effektivere Arterio- und Angiogenese nach Retroinfusion von FGF-2 in die Koronarvene zu klären, wurde in zusätzlichen Experimenten 7 Tage nach Implantation des Reduktionsstent I125-markiertes FGF-2 über 30 min mit der Retroinfusion in die anteriore Herzvene (n=3) und antegrad in die Koronararterie (n=3) verabreicht. 45 min nach Applikation konnte eine höhere myokardiale Aktivität im LAD-Areal nach Retroinfusion von I125 FGF-2 verglichen mit der intrakoronaren Gabe erzielt werden. Verglichen mit dem nicht-ischämischen RCX-Areal konnte nach retrograder Applikation eine auf das 15-30 fach erhöhte myokardiale Gewebebindung im LAD-Zielareal beobachtet werden. Die signifikant effektivere therapeutische Arterio- und Angiogenese nach Retroinfusion von FGF-2 in die Koronarvene wird daher vor allem auf eine deutlich vermehrte Gewebebindung von FGF-2 im ischämischen Myokardgewebe zurückgeführt

Fatigue, depression and health-related quality of life in patients with post-myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the Augsburg Myocardial Infarction Registry

The interplay between fatigue and depression and their association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has received little attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study evaluated the frequency of fatigue and depression in post-AMI patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated the cross-sectional associations between fatigue, depression and HRQoL. Methods: The analysis was based on population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg data. All survivors of AMI between 1 June 2020 and 15 September 2021 were included (n = 882) and received a postal questionnaire containing questions about fatigue (Fatigue Assessment Scale), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), and HRQoL (MacNew Heart Disease HRQoL questionnaire) on 17 November 2021. The questionnaire was returned by 592 patients (67.1%), and 574 participants could be included in the analysis. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to investigate the associations between fatigue and depression (both exposures) and HRQoL (outcome). Results: Altogether, 273 (47.6%) participants met the criteria for the presence of fatigue, about 16% showed signs of moderate to severe depression. Both fatigue and depression were significantly associated with a decreased HRQoL (total score and emotional, social, and physical subscales; all p-values < 0.0001). In particular, a combined occurrence of fatigue and depression was associated with a significantly reduced HRQoL. Conclusions: It seems necessary to screen post-MI patients for the presence of fatigue and depression in clinical practice on a routine basis to provide them with adequate support and treatment and thus also to improve their HRQoL

Impact of percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip™ system on ventricular arrhythmias and ICD therapies

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) using the MitraClip™ device has been established as a suitable alternative to mitral valve surgery in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and high or prohibitive surgical risk. Only limited information regarding the impact of TEER on ventricular arrhythmias (VA) has been reported. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of TEER using the MitraClip(TM) device on the burden of VA and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) therapies. Among 600 MitraClip(TM) implantations performed in our clinic between September 2009 and October 2018, we identified 86 patients with successful TEER and an active implantable cardiac device (pacemaker, ICD, CRT-P/D (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy-Pacemaker/Defibrillator)) eligible for retrospective VA analyses. These patients presented with mainly functional MR (81.4%) and severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (mean LVEF 22.1% ± 10.3%). The observation period comprised 456 ± 313 days before and 424 ± 287 days after TEER. The burden of ventricular arrhythmias (sustained ventricular tachycardia (sVT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF)) was significantly reduced after TEER (0.85 ± 3.47 vs. 0.43 ± 2.03 events per patient per month, p = 0.01). Furthermore, the rate of ICD therapies (anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) and ICD shock) decreased significantly after MitraClip(TM) implantation (1.0 ± 3.87 vs. 0.32 ± 1.41, p = 0.014). However, reduction of VA burden did not result in improved two-year survival in this patient cohort with severely reduced LVEF. Mitral valve TEER using the MitraClip™ device was associated with a significant reduction of ventricular arrhythmias and ICD therapies

Functional improvement following direct interventional leaflet repair of severe tricuspid regurgitation

AIMS: Several new percutaneous tricuspid repair systems have recently been introduced as new treatment options for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Clinical improvement following percutaneous tricuspid valve leaflet repair has been demonstrated by recent studies. A possible impact on exercise capacity has not yet been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven patients with at least severe TR and successful tricuspid leaflet repair using the PASCAL Ace implant at our cardiology department were included in this analysis. All patients suffered from symptomatic right‐sided heart failure with compromised exercise capacity. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 months follow‐up. The primary endpoint was the change in maximal oxygen consumption [VO(2) max (mL/(min*kg))] at 3 months follow‐up. Secondary endpoints included improvement in TR, cardiac biomarkers, and other clinical outcomes. TR severity at 3 months follow‐up post‐PASCAL Ace implantation was significantly lower than at baseline (P = 0.004). Cardiac biomarkers including high‐sensitivity troponin T and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide as well as right ventricular diameter improved slightly without reaching statistical significance (P = 0.89, P = 0.32, and P = 0.06, respectively). PASCAL Ace implantation resulted in a significant improvement in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity at 3 months follow‐up compared with baseline. Mean VO(2) max improved from 9.5 ± 2.8 to 11.4 ± 3.4 mL/(min*kg) (P = 0.006), VO(2) max per cent predicted from 42 ± 12% to 50 ± 15% (P = 0.004), peak oxygen uptake from 703 ± 175 to 826 ± 198 mL/min (P = 0.004), and O(2) pulse per cent predicted from 67 ± 21% to 81 ± 25% (P = 0.011). Other CPET‐related outcomes did not show any significant change over time. CONCLUSIONS: In this single‐centre retrospective analysis, direct tricuspid valve leaflet repair using the transcatheter PASCAL Ace implant system was associated with a reduced TR severity and improved cardiopulmonary exercise capacity

Re‐do MitraClip in patients with functional mitral valve regurgitation and advanced heart failure

AIM: Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) via MitraClip implantation is a therapeutic option for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in advanced stages of heart failure (HF). However, progressive left ventricular dilation in these patients may lead to recurrent MR after PMVR and consequent re‐do MitraClip implantation. Here, we describe the characteristics and outcomes of this clinical scenario. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with systolic HF and functional MR undergoing a re‐do MitraClip procedure were retrospectively analysed. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, technical, device and procedural success at first MitraClip procedure, functional MR and systolic HF with an ejection fraction (EF) of <45%. Seventeen out of 684 patients undergoing PMVR with the MitraClip device at our institution between September 2009 and July 2019 were included. All patients displayed advanced HF with an EF of 20% (±9.9) and highly elevated N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide. Technical success of the re‐do MitraClip procedure was 100%, whereas procedural and device success were only achieved in 11 patients (65%). Unsuccessful re‐do procedures were related to lower EF and implantation of more than one clip at initial procedure. However, despite reduction in MR grade and no occurrence of significant mitral stenosis after the procedure, the mortality during 12 months follow‐up remained high (8 of 17; 47%). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients with advanced HF undergoing PMVR, re‐do MitraClip procedure was feasible, but procedural success was unsatisfactory and morbidity and mortality remained high, possibly reflecting the advanced stage of HF in these patients

Depression mediates the association between health literacy and health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction

IntroductionSo far, health literacy (HL) and its related factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction received little attention. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the associations between the different dimensions of HL and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and factors that may affect these relations in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsAll survivors of AMI between June 2020 and September 2021, from the Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg (n=882) received a postal questionnaire on HL [Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ)], HRQOL (MacNew Heart Disease HRQOL questionnaire) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire). From the 592 respondents, 546 could be included in the analysis. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to investigate the associations between the nine subscales of the HLQ and the total score and three subscales of the MacNew questionnaire. A mediation analysis was performed to estimate direct and indirect effects of HL on HRQOL taking into account the mediating effect of depression.ResultsIn the sample of 546 patients (72.5% male, mean age 68.5 ± 12.2 years), patients with poor education showed significantly lower HLQ scores. Significant associations between the subscales of the HLQ and the MacNew were found, which remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic variables with few exceptions. More than 50% of the association between HL and HRQOL was mediated by depression in seven HLQ subscales and a complete mediating effect was found for the HLQ subscales ‘Actively managing my health’ and ‘Appraisal of health information’.DiscussionDepression mediates the associations between HL and disease-specific HRQOL in patients with myocardial infarction