Testing The Trend Towards Specialization In Herbivore-host Plant Associations Using A Molecular Phylogeny Of Tomoplagia (diptera: Tephritidae)

Herbivorous insects are abundant and diverse and insect-host plant associations tend to be specialized and evolutionarily conserved. Some authors suggested that generalist insect lineages tend to become specialists, with host specialization leading to an evolutionary dead-end for the parasite species. In this paper, we have examined this tendency using a phylogenetic tree of Tomoplagia (Diptera: Tephritidae), a parasite of asteracean plants. We have tested the trend towards specialization in different hierarchical degrees of host specialization. The topology of the tree, the inference of ancestral hosts, and the lack of directional evolution indicated that specialization does not correspond to a phylogenetic dead-end. Although most Tomoplagia species are restricted to a single host genus, specialization does not seem to limit further host range evolution. 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Molecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands

Oceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed (achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations (Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential (succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered (Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies (Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions