The choice of type of input-output table revisited: moving towards the use of supply-use tables in impact analysis

The construction of symmetric input-output tables (SIOTs) is a controversial issue as regards the choice of model to construct both product-by-product and industry-by-industry SIOTs, especially the former ones. However, there has been little attention paid so far by the UN and the Eurostat Systems of National Accounts on the choice of type of SIOT to carry out impact analyses let alone other input-output applications. Concerning the price and quantity models in input-output analysis, this paper identifies severe problems in the correct interpretation of the meaning of their results and proposes the use of supply and use tables instead of SIOTs to solve these problems.JRC.J.6-Sustainable production and consumptio

Social and Economic Impact Assessment of Relevant Sporting Events in Local Communities: the Case of the ITF Female Tennis Championship held in Seville in 2006

Nowadays, sports go beyond their merely practice reaching social, economic and even policy aspects of everyday life. Hosting great sporting events has become into a rather prolific source of direct and induced benefits for the cities where they take place. Hence, public and economic institutions struggle to host these kinds of events along their geographical influence areas. However, most impact assessments often exaggerate local benefits since they are conducted by vested interest agents. Then, this paper provides a simpleto- use methodology to assess the social and economic impacts of hosting great sporting events at local level. Transparency and impartiality are two main advantages of the followed procedure in the sense that it has been carried out by a research group linked to the University and with no vested interest at all. The empirical part has been developed for the ITF Female Tennis Championship of the WTA Circuit held in Seville in October, 2006.JRC.J.2-Competitiveness and Sustainabilit

EU Exports to the United States: Effects on Employment

The present report contributes to the European Commission’s aim to gather comprehensive, reliable and comparable information to support evidence-based policymaking. The promotion of deeper commercial ties across the Atlantic is key in the European Commission’s strategy to create the conditions for a more dynamic and innovative European Union (EU) economy. This is why the 2015 Communication “Trade for all: Towards a more responsible trade and investment policy" points to the conclusion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Agreement as a priority for the EU trade policy. Against this background this reports focuses on the contribution of transatlantic trade to the creation of job opportunities in Europe. For this it offers an ample set of indicators related to the quantification of the employment supported by EU exports to the United States (US). This work builds on the report “EU Export to the World: Effects on Employment and Income” that was published in June 2015 by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) and Directorate General for Trade. It is grounded on the same methodology and on the same World Input-Output Database (WIOD) database.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

Total expenditure elasticity of non-durable consumption of European households

This document presents the results of an empirical analysis carried out in order to estimate total expenditure elasticities for the household consumption module of the FIDELIO model. The estimates are based on survey data for the following six European countries: Austria, France, Italy, Slovakia, Spain, and the UK. The analysis deals with twelve categories of non-durable consumption: four energy- and eight non-energy-related goods and services. Results appear to be in line with the comparable elasticity estimates of the existing literature. Socio-demographic controls related to both household characteristics and housing conditions offer interesting additional results that may be useful at a later stage of the analysis with the FIDELIO model.JRC.J.5-Sustainable Production and Consumptio

Global Resources Use and Pollution:Vol. I, Production, Consumption and Trade (1995-2008)

In the recent decades, the increase in the world population, the economic expansion and the globalization of the economy have led to a dramatic growth in the use of some natural resources and in the levels of pollution. These trends have coincided with a growing concern about some critical questions for the future of humankind such as resource scarcity and depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, the limits of growth or the inequalities in the access to natural resources across countries. In this context arises the need to develop a comprehensive dataset of reliable and comparable economic and environmental information that contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of these issues, and supporting evidence-based policy-making. In order to comply with this need, this Pocketbook presents a series of indicators describing the evolution of the use of natural resources and the emission of air pollutants around the world, in relation to production, consumption and trade activities. Based on different analysis derived from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), this publication includes information on 6 environmental dimensions: land use, material extraction, water use, and emission of acid substances, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. The time frame covered is the period between 1995 and 2008, and the geographical scope includes the EU-27 Member States, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Russia, the United States of America and the Rest of the World.JRC.J.5-Sustainable Production and Consumptio

Macroeconomic effects of US tariff on steel and aluminium: who would pay the bill?

In March 2018, the United States (US) President Donald Trump announced the imposition of a tariff on US imports of steel and aluminium products. This technical report sheds light on the possible macroeconomic impacts of this policy, focusing in particular on exports, value added (VA), output and employment. The modelling analysis considers two possible scenarios to be compared with a baseline in which no tariffs are imposed by the US government. In the first scenario we assume that the European Union (EU) is exempted from the new tariffs. In the second scenario we instead assume that the EU is not exempted, as it has been declared that the exemption is only temporary. Under an EU exemption, the most significant economic effect of the US tariff involves the trade of basic metals' products to the US whose volume would decrease due to the protectionist measure. The most exposed countries would be India, Russia, and Turkey, although the impact of the new tariffs on GDP and employment is negligible. The US metal industry would increase its production, to the detriment of other sectors which would face higher input costs (such as manufacture of electrical equipment, machinery, or motor vehicles and other transport equipment).In a second scenario that assumes no exemption for the EU, EU metal products exports would be lower by slightly more than 1% with respect to the non-tariff baseline scenario. Still, there would be countries hit more severely, like Russia and India. In all cases, though, the overall effects on total exports would be much smaller due to the relative importance of the metal sector in the economy.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

Trade-SCAN v2: A user-friendly tool for global value chain analysis

This document is an illustrated User Guide for the Trade-SCAN v2 (Trade Supply Chain Analysis) tool developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) to help users understand how international trade flows affect employment, income and environmental variables such as CO2 emissions.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

Trade-SCAN 1.1 – A Tool for Trade Supply Chain Analysis

This document consists in a User Manual of the tool Trade-SCAN 1.1, which has been developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre to help users understanding how international trade flows affect employment and income in the EU. In particular, TRADE-SCAN 1.1 allows calculating "value added in trade" type of indicators (also for employment by skills, gender, sectors, age groups…) on the spot and with ad-hoc queries specified by the user. The main data source is the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), 2016 release, complemented with data on employment by age, skill and gender from other sources such as EUKLEMS. The geographical breakdown of the data includes the 28 EU Member States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Taiwan, the United States, and an aggregate “Rest of the World” region. The industry breakdown consists of 56 sectors: agriculture and mining (4), manufacturing (22) and services (30).JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

EU Trade in Employment

The European Commission identified trade policy as a core component of the European Union's 2020 Strategy. The fast changing global economy, characterised by the dynamic creation of business opportunities and increasingly complex production chains, means that it is now even more important to fully understand how global value chains affect employment. Gathering comprehensive, reliable and comparable information on this is crucial to support evidence-based policymaking. Guided by that objective, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has produced this publication. It aims to be a valuable tool for trade policymakers. The report features a series of indicators to illustrate in detail the dependence of the EU employment on the final demand of each EU Member State, and of the employment in each Member State on the EU final demand. This is done using the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), 2016 release, as the main data source. This information has been complemented with data on employment by skill and gender from other sources such as EUKLEMS. Besides, indicators have been also included to account for the inter-dependence between the EU and other world economies. Most indicators cover the period 2000-2014 but, due to data constraints, the indicators on employment split by skill and gender are only available from 2008 onwards. The geographical breakdown of the data includes the 28 EU Member States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Taiwan, the United States of America, and an aggregate “Rest of the World” region. The information presented in this pocketbook is complemented with a software tool for analyses of global value chains, trade, income and employment. This tool enables a more detailed analysis of the different indicators related to global value chains and includes additional data management and visualization options.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi

EU Trade in CO2 Emissions

The European Commission identified trade policy as a core component of the European Union's 2020 Strategy. The fast changing global economy, characterised by the dynamic creation of business opportunities and increasingly complex production chains, means that it is now even more important to fully understand how global value chains affect CO2 emissions. Gathering comprehensive, reliable and comparable information on this is crucial to support evidence-based policymaking. Guided by that objective, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has produced this publication. It aims to be a valuable tool for trade policymakers. The report features a series of indicators to illustrate in detail the EU CO2 emissions dependence on the final demand of each EU Member State, and the CO2 emissions in each Member State depending on the EU final demand. This is done using the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), 2016 release, as the main data source. This information has been complemented with data on CO2 emissions from other sources such as the EU Science Hub of the European Commission (Corsatea et al. 2019). Besides, indicators have been also included to account for the inter-dependence between the EU and other world economies. Indicators cover the period 2000 - 2014.The geographical breakdown of the data includes the 28 EU Member States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Taiwan, the United States of America, and an aggregate “Rest of the World” region. The information presented in this pocketbook is complemented with a software tool for analyses of global value chains, trade, income and employment. This tool enables a more detailed analysis of the different indicators related to global value chains and includes additional data management and visualization options.JRC.B.5-Circular Economy and Industrial Leadershi